CAT/C/LVA/CO/6 31. The State party should: (a) Abide by its obligations under article 3 of the Convention and ensure that, in practice, no one may be expelled, returned or extradited to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being subjected to torture or ill-treatment; (b) Ensure that procedural safeguards against refoulement are in place and that all persons in need of international protection receive appropriate treatment at all stages, including at border crossings, and can benefit promptly from free legal aid, in particular in case of appeal against refusal of entry or registration; and ensure that appeals against decisions concerning asylum have suspensive effect; (c) Ensure the creation of an effective mechanism to promptly identify victims of torture among asylum seekers and exempt them and other persons with specific needs, such as children, pregnant women and nursing mothers, from detention; (d) Ensure that the detention of children is a measure of last resort and is used for the shortest appropriate period, promote the application of non-custodial measures, and ensure appropriate reception of persons in immigration detention centres and that living conditions are in conformity with international standards; (e) Consider taking additional legal, policy and practical steps to facilitate the naturalization and integration of non-citizens. Training 32. While noting the information provided by the State party that training on human rights is provided on a regular basis to a number of officials, the Committee is concerned that public officials such as law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, court officials, lawyers, medical personnel, prison staff, military and intelligence officers and security guards may not receive mandatory specific training on the provisions of the Convention and the absolute prohibition of torture. It is also concerned that medical professionals may not all receive training on the Istanbul Protocol (art. 10). 33. The State party should: (a) Develop mandatory initial and in-service training programmes to ensure that all public officials are well acquainted with the provisions of the Convention, especially the absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, and that they are fully aware that violations will not be tolerated and will be investigated and that those responsible will be prosecuted and, if convicted, punished appropriately; (b) Ensure that the absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment is fully included in the rules and instructions issued with regard to the duties and functions of any such person; (c) Ensure that the Istanbul Protocol is made an essential part of the training for all medical professionals and other public officials involved in work with persons deprived of their liberty and asylum seekers; (d) Provide the Committee with information about the training provided to police officers on new interrogation techniques, and whether it covers methods of investigation that rely on scientific evidence and non-coercive interrogation techniques, and about training on the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials; (e) Provide information about how the results of the surveys and assessments of the training programmes provided to public officials are taken into consideration when designing additional training programmes for specific law enforcement personnel. 11