Contents
5
Chapter v – Right to be Presumed Innocent and Privilege against
Self-Incrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Presumption of innocence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.1 Pre-determination of the outcome of a case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.1.2 Burden and standard of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.3 Treatment of accused persons that may impact on perceptions of innocence . . . . . . . . 94
5.1.4 Impact on the presumption of innocence of media coverage and of statements made by
public authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1.5 The presumption of innocence in relation to custodial remands, preventive
detention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.6 Affect of stay of proceedings or acquittal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.7 Remedy of violations through judicial proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.2 Privilege against self-incrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.2.1 Defendant’s testimony in court. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.2 Compulsion to produce, or allow collection of, material evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.3 Legal compulsion to answer questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.4 Adverse inference drawn from silence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.5 Psychological coercion to answer questions or confess guilt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.6 Compulsion through use of torture or other forms of inhuman
or degrading treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
checklist: Right to be presumed innocent and right to silence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Chapter vi – Equality of Arms and Rights to a Fair Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
6.1 Equality of arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.1.1 Procedural equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.1.2 Equality in presenting one’s case: the adversarial nature of proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2 Instruction concerning rights during trial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 Adequate preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3.1 The right to be informed of criminal charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3.2 The right to be convicted only of the accusation against a defendant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.3 The right to counsel during the preparation of one’s defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3.4 The right to adequate time to prepare one’s case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.3.5 The right to adequate facilities and disclosure of information about the case . . . . . . . 122
6.3.6 Grounds for non-disclosure of information about the case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.7 Safeguards accompanying non-disclosure of information about the case . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4 Timely hearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.4.1 Procedural delays and postponement of hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.2 The right to be tried without undue delay in criminal proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.4.3 The right to bail pending the disposal of criminal proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4.4 The right to a hearing within a reasonable time in civil proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.5 Right to be heard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.5.1 Audi alteram partem, hear the other side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133