Multi-ethnic Policing The area of Multi-ethnic Policing presented yet another challenge in 2011. The CSI had envisaged to provide support to the national authorities in policy development and in its implementation through training, as well as in raising awareness of the issue among the population. However, there has been no positive progress whatsoever on behalf of the concerned authorities. Strong nationalistic tendencies became a key element of Kyrgyz politics and the problem of ethnic representation was, for the time being, systematically ignored. The CSI was not permitted to provide targeted training on this matter. Nevertheless, it can be said that the CSI training on community policing and human rights still covered certain aspects of multi-ethnic policing. Furthermore, professional support was given in the everyday interaction of the CSI Police Consultants with their police colleagues and there were individual cases of positive results and changed behaviour. ***** 4.13 The OSCE Office in Tajikistan Background The OSCE presence in Tajikistan has been mandated to promote the implementation of OSCE commitments, support the development of common approaches to addressing problems and threats to security, facilitate the exchange of information, and build national capacity and expertise. The OSCE Office in Tajikistan (OiT), upon request from the Republic of Tajikistan, further expanded its police assessment activities in undertaking a broad programme regarding legal, administrative, technical and operational reform in order to modernize and strengthen the law enforcement capacity and institutions. All projects mainstreamed a change management approach in the implementation of police reform. The OiT took a cross-dimensional approach to police reform in order to ensure a coherent approach and mainstream all aspects of gender, anti-trafficking and human rights in the reform process. Important elements of the programme were also the establishment of and support to the thematic co-ordination and donor group for all international missions and organizations supporting Tajikistan in the field of police reform and law enforcement development as well as measures to ensure the regular participation of representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) in the group meetings. Furthermore, the Office provided the framework to explore strategic priorities combating terrorism under consideration of human rights and skill development of operational managers. The Office enhanced the capacity to develop an appropriate curriculum to train senior management and operational managers to apply methods of prevention of terrorism and strengthen the partnership with the community. In 2011, the OiT’s police-related activities were undertaken by seven international and five national staff members. 112