ESSEX PAPER 3: INITIAL GUIDANCE ON THE INTERPRETATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UN NELSON MANDELA RULES •  infrastructural safety, alarm systems and evacuation plans in case of fires and other emergencies •  exercise of control •  separation of prisoners •  classification, risk and needs assessments •  dynamic security, early warning systems and conflict resolution tools, such as mediation •  periodic safety assessments and security audits. Architecture and technology The Essex group did not discuss issues around architecture but referred to specialised literature such as the Technical Guidance for Prison Planning, published by UNOPS in 2016.390 Architectural measures to protect prisons from external attacks have also been provided in a handbook published by UNODC.391 Security equipment includes bars, doors and watchtowers, but also technology such as x-rays, metal detectors, radios, alarm systems, etc. Basic Principle 2 of the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms requires that law enforcement, a term that includes prison officers, should be ‘equipped with self-defensive equipment such as shields, helmets, bullet-proof vests and bulletproof means of transportation, in order to decrease the need to use weapons of any kind’. The experts noted that new technologies have provided new tools, but also prompted new challenges for prison administrations in terms of safety. For example, drones are being used to smuggle drugs or phones into prison. New solutions will have to be developed to address such threats, including edificial measures without jeopardising natural light etc. (See also below on body cameras.). Comparative research was noted, according to which ‘unit management’392 has a positive impact on security and provides a good setting for rehabilitation and counselling programmes, without greater spending on buildings or staffing. The concept implies that multi-disciplinary teams deliver services in each unit, with individual team members being responsible for both security and prisoner development outcomes.393 Infrastructural safety The safety and security principle also includes infrastructural safety, for example, with regard to the condition of the prison estate (e.g. dilapidated buildings), the risks arising from prisoners’ belongings, fire hazards (e.g. smoking or use of unauthorised electrical equipment such as cooking stoves and non-fire resistant/proof mattresses) as well as procedures and evacuation United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), Technical Guidance for Prison Planning: Technical and operational considerations based on the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), 2016 (Technical Guidance for Prison Planning). 390  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Handbook on Dynamic Security and Prison Intelligence, New York, 2015, pp. 11-12 (Handbook on Dynamic Security); UNODC, Handbook on the Management of High-Risk Prisoners, New York, 2016, pp. 64-65. 391  The term refers to a prison that is broken down into units, each of which may contain a number of prisoner accommodation sections and static posts. Multi-disciplinary teams of staff consist of disciplinary officials, educationalists, social workers, psychologists, religious care workers and nurses. 392  Handbook on Dynamic Security, p. 35. 393  Penal Reform International and the Essex Human Rights Centre | 101