Poročilo Varuha človekovih pravic Republike Slovenije o izvajanju nalog državnega preventivnega mehanizma za leto 2011 Vrste osamitve in njihova legitimnost Types of solitary confinement and their legitimacy 56. Osamitev se uporablja v glavnem v štirih situacijah. Za vsako obstaja drugačna utemeljitev in vsako bi morali obravnavati drugače: 56. There are four main situations in which solitary confinement is used. Each has its own rationale and each should be viewed differently: a) Osamitev na podlagi sodne odločbe V večini držav so sodišča pooblaščena, da za osebo v priporu (na primer za osebo v priporu v predkazenskem postopku) odredijo prestajanje kazni v samici za določeno obdobje, če je to v interesu kazenske preiskave. V nekaterih državah je obdobje prestajanja kazni v samici samodejno sestavni del nekaterih kazni, opredeljenih z zakonodajo, ali ga odredi sodišče kot del izrečene kazni. a) Solitary confinement as the result of a court decision most countries, courts have the power to order that a person remanded in custody (i.e. placed in pre-trial detention) be held for a certain period in solitary confinement, in the interests of the criminal investigation. Further, in a few countries, a period of solitary confinement is an automatic part of some sentences established by legislation or can be ordered by a court as part of a sentence. In relation to solitary confinement ordered by a court as part of remand conditions, it is axiomatic that there may be justification, in an individual case and based on sufficient evidence, for keeping a given remand prisoner apart from other particular prisoners or, in even more exceptional circumstances, prisoners in general, and in restricting his/her contact with the outside world. This should only be done to guard against a real risk to the administration of justice and must be subject to the safeguards outlined in paragraph 57 below. The CPT considers that solitary confinement should never be imposed – or be imposable at the discretion of the court concerned – as part of a sentence. The generally accepted principle that offenders are sent to prison as a punishment, not to receive punishment, should be recalled in this context. Imprisonment is a punishment in its own right and potentially dangerous aggravations of a prison sentence as part of the punishment are not acceptable. It may be necessary for a sentenced prisoner to be subject, for a certain period of time, to a solitary confinement regime; however, the imposition of such a regime should lie with the prison authorities and not be made part of the catalogue of criminal sanctions. 162 Implementation of the Duties and Powers of the National Preventive Mechanism in 2011 V zvezi z osamitvijo, ki jo odredi sodišče kot del pripora, lahko nedvomno obstaja utemeljen razlog pri posameznem primeru in na podlagi zadostnih dokazov, da je tak pripornik ločen od drugih posameznih pripornikov, ali v še bolj izjemnih okoliščinah od pripornikov na splošno, in da so mu celo prepovedani stiki z zunanjim svetom. Edini namen pri tem je lahko zavarovanje delovanja sodnega sistema pred dejansko nevarnostjo, upoštevani pa morajo biti tudi zaščitni ukrepi, navedeni v 57. točki tega poročila. CPT je meni, da prestajanje kazni v samici nikoli ne sme biti odrejeno – niti ne sme obstajati možnost za to – po lastni presoji zadevnega sodišča kot sestavni del izrečene kazni. Na tem mestu se spomnimo splošno sprejetega načela, da so storilci kaznivih dejanj poslani v zapor zaradi kazni, in ne zato, da bi bili v zaporu kaznovani. Zaporna kazen je sama po sebi kazen in potencialno nevarne zaostritve zaporne kazni kot sestavni del kazni niso sprejemljive. Lahko se pokaže nujnost, da mora obsojeni zapornik začasno v samico, vendar morajo biti za izrek takega ukrepa pristojne zaporniške oblasti, nikakor ne sme ukrep postati sestavni del seznama kazenskih sankcij. b) Osamitev kot disciplinski ukrep Prepoved stikov z drugimi zaporniki je zaporniku lahko izrečena samo v okviru običajnih zakonsko določenih disciplinskih postopkov, in sicer kot najostrejša disciplinska kazen. Države priznavajo skrite nevarnosti tega ukrepa, zato določijo najdaljše trajanje ukrepa: od le nekaj dni do enega meseca ali več. Nekatere države dovoljujejo, da direktorji zaporov izrekajo najdaljše trajanje ukrepa, s tem da sodni organ lahko odredi še daljše. Večina držav – ne pa vse – prepoveduje zaporedno izrekanje kazni samice. Glede na potencialno zelo škodljive posledice osamitve CPT meni, da je osamitev po načelu sorazmernosti upravičena kot disciplinski ukrep samo izjemoma in kot zadnja možnost, seveda za najkrajše mogoče obdobje. V marsikateri državi članici Sveta Evrope prevladuje težnja po skrajševanju najdaljšega obdobja kazenske osamitve. CPT meni, da trajanje kazenske osamitve ne bi smelo biti daljše od 14 dni za določen prekršek, bolje še manj3. Poleg tega bi morali prepovedati zaporedno izrekanje disciplinskih kazni, ker je zapornik lahko neprekinjeno v samici dlje časa od najdaljšega obdobja, dopustnega za ta ukrep. Vsa zapornikova kazenska dejanja, ki zahtevajo ostrejše ukrepe, spadajo v kazensko pravosodje. b) Solitary confinement as a disciplinary sanction Withdrawal of a prisoner from contact with other prisoners may be imposed under the normal disciplinary procedures specified by the law, as the most severe disciplinary punishment. Recognising the inherent dangers of this sanction, countries specify a maximum period for which it may be imposed. This can vary from as little as a few days to as much as a month or more. Some countries allow prison directors to impose a given maximum period, with the possibility for a judicial body to impose a longer period. Most countries – but not all – prohibit sequential sentences of solitary confinement. Given the potentially very damaging effects of solitary confinement, the CPT considers that the principle of proportionality requires that it be used as a disciplinary punishment only in exceptional cases and as a last resort, and for the shortest possible period of time. The trend in many member States of the Council of Europe is towards lowering the maximum possible period of solitary confinement as a punishment. The CPT considers that the maximum period should be no higher than 14 days for a given offence, and preferably lower3. Further, there should be a prohibition of sequential disciplinary sentences resulting in an uninterrupted period of solitary confinement in excess of the maximum period. Any offences committed by a prisoner which it is felt call for more severe sanctions should be dealt with through the criminal justice system. 3 Najdaljše obdobje osamitve mora vsekakor biti krajše, če so zaporniki mladostniki. 3 The maximum period should certainly be lower in respect of juveniles. Državni preventivni mehanizem v Republiki Sloveniji po Opcijskem protokolu h Konvenciji OZN proti mučenju in drugim krutim, nečloveškim ali poniževalnim kaznim ali ravnanju National Preventive Mechanism in the Republic of Slovenia under the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 163