Copenhagen 1990 67 (25) The participating States confirm that any derogations from obligations relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms during a state of public emergency must remain strictly within the limits provided for by international law, in particular the relevant international instruments by which they are bound, especially with respect to rights from which there can be no derogation. They also reaffirm that (25.1) - measures derogating from such obligations must be taken in strict conformity with the procedural requirements laid down in those instruments; (25.2) - the imposition of a state of public emergency must be proclaimed officially, publicly, and in accordance with the provisions laid down by law; (25.3) - measures derogating from obligations will be limited to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation; (25.4) - such measures will not discriminate solely on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, social origin or of belonging to a minority. III (26) The participating States recognize that vigorous democracy depends on the existence as an integral part of national life of democratic values and practices as well as an extensive range of democratic institutions. They will therefore encourage, facilitate and, where appropriate, support practical co-operative endeavours and the sharing of information, ideas and expertise among themselves and by direct contacts and co-operation between individuals, groups and organizations in areas including the following: • constitutional law, reform and development, • electoral legislation, administration and observation, • establishment and management of courts and legal systems, • the development of an impartial and effective public service where recruitment and advancement are based on a merit system, • law enforcement, • local government and decentralization, • access to information and protection of privacy, • developing political parties and their role in pluralistic societies, • free and independent trade unions, • co-operative movements, • developing other forms of free associations and public interest groups, • journalism, independent media, and intellectual and cultural life, • the teaching of democratic values, institutions and practices in educational institutions and the fostering of an atmosphere of free enquiry. Such endeavours may cover the range of co-operation encompassed in the human dimension of the CSCE, including training, exchange of information, books and instructional materials, co-operative programmes and projects, academic and professional exchanges and conferences, scholarships, research grants, provision of expertise and advice, business and scientific contacts and programmes. (27) The participating States will also facilitate the establishment and strengthening of independent national institutions in the area of human rights and the rule of law, which may also