Specific safeguards in special cases Some persons – such as unaccompanied or separated children; persons with mental or physical disabilities; as well as others who may face specific risks or be in circumstances of greater vulnerability, such as asylum-seekers, survivors of torture, human trafficking and/or victims of sexual- or gender-based violence – may need additional or specific safeguards and support to ensure they are able to raise objections to any removal or transfer. Liechtenstein: all-women teams to respond to gender-specific issues Staff members of the Immigration and Passport Office work in all-women teams who are trained and sensitised to deal with cases raising gender-specific grounds for asylum, including in spotting signs of gender-specific violence. Female asylum-seekers have the opportunity to indicate any such grounds for seeking asylum already during their first questioning upon entering the country. Zambia: Guidelines to help identify vulnerable migrants The “Guidelines for Protection Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants in Zambia” are an informational tool for first line officials – such as immigration officials, police officers, social welfare, health and prison officers and civil society personnel – involved in the protection of “at-risk migrants” in the country. The Guidelines outline procedures for effective identification, referral and service provision to such migrants. The Guidelines recommend using a “migrant profiling form” during the initial interview to help identify whether the individual falls within one of a number of vulnerable categories: asylum-seeker, victim of trafficking, unaccompanied or separated child, stranded migrant, stateless person or other at-risk migrant. TRAINING  The provision of effective training (Article 10(1), UNCAT) to every State official responsible for dealing with refoulement cases – as well as to medical personnel using the Istanbul Protocol in cases where there are allegations of past torture – is an additional effective and practical safeguard to implement the refoulement prohibition. Greece: specific training for coast guards Educational and training initiatives to prevent violations of the prohibition against refoulement, such as the incorporation of the European Frontex Training Programme in the Training Regulations of the Coast Guards Academy, have been undertaken. Ecuador: extensive training for relevant professionals Ecuador has provided education and training to independent experts in the fields of medicine, law and psychiatry in connection with a project to implement the Istanbul Protocol. The aim of the project was to train independent staff charged with effectively investigating and documenting cases of torture, who may intervene in cases of torture in their capacity as qualified experts, including in proceedings before the courts. TOOL: Non-refoulement procedures and safeguards 9/13