CAT/C/RUS/CO/6 Non-refoulement 42. The Committee is concerned at reports of extraditions and expulsions of foreign persons carried out by the State party to countries where they may be at risk of torture and other ill-treatment. The Committee is especially concerned about information that persons who may be in need of international protection, particularly those held in pre-removal detention centres, including torture victims, do not have adequate access to asylum procedures and that immigration authorities often fail to register and interview asylum seekers, thereby increasing their risk of refoulement. It regrets the absence of statistical information on extradition requests granted, appeals against such decisions and outcomes thereof (art. 3). 43. The State party should: (a) Comply with its obligations under article 3 of the Convention and ensure that the State party’s procedures on extradition, expulsion and asylum provide protection against refoulement. The State party should also ensure that individuals under the State party’s jurisdiction, including victims of torture, can access asylum procedures and receive individual assessment by the competent authorities and are guaranteed fair treatment at all stages of proceedings, including an opportunity for effective and impartial review by an independent decision mechanism on expulsion, return or extradition, with suspensive effect; (b) Collect statistical data, disaggregated by country of origin, on the number of persons who have requested asylum or refugee status and the outcomes of those applications, as well as on the number of expulsions, deportations or extraditions that have taken place and the countries to which individuals were returned. Training 44. While welcoming various educational programmes available to public officials in the State party, the Committee remains concerned that training on the provisions of the Convention, including on the absolute prohibition of torture, is not mandatory for all law enforcement officers, military personnel and judicial officials. The Committee is also concerned that training on the Istanbul Protocol is not provided to all medical professionals dealing with persons deprived of liberty (art. 10). 45. The State party should: (a) Ensure that training on the provisions of the Convention and on the absolute prohibition of torture is mandatory for law enforcement officials, prison staff, judges, prosecutors, court officials, lawyers and military personnel; (b) Make the Istanbul Protocol an essential part of the training of all medical professionals and other public officials involved in work with detained persons; (c) Introduce training programmes on non-coercive investigation techniques; (d) Develop and implement specific methodologies to assess the effectiveness and impact of the training on preventing torture and ill-treatment. Northern Caucasus 46. In the light of its previous recommendation (see CAT/C/RUS/CO/5, para. 13), the Committee regrets the lack of effective investigations undertaken into past and ongoing human rights violations, including torture, abductions, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings, perpetrated by public officials in the northern Caucasus, including the extrajudicial killings of 27 presumed jihadists in Grozny in 2017. The Committee is concerned that in Chechnya, only two cases of enforced disappearance were investigated between 2012 and 2015, whereas the European Court of Human Rights issued more than 100 judgments on such cases during the same period. The Committee is also concerned about reports of targeted attacks and reprisals against human rights defenders, journalists and lawyers who work on cases of human rights violations and the authorities’ 10