Omega Research Foundation use of SAE Alsetex products has also been widely documented including in Côte d'Ivoire,53 the Democratic Republic of the Congo54 and Bahrain.55 Above left: SAE Alsetex chemical irritant cartridges and launcher on display at SOFEX 2012 May 2012 in Amman, Jordan; Above right: Alma DK “Hand gas and smoke grenade of irritant action” from company catalogue distributed at IDEX 2017, 19-23 February 2017 in Abu Dhabi, UAE. ii. Existing control regimes The trade in specially designed tools of torture (e.g. body-worn electric shock equipment, spiked batons) and other equipment which is frequently misused (e.g. chemical irritants, kinetic impact ammunition [commonly called “rubber bullets]) is largely unregulated in many countries, especially in comparison to controls on transfers of most types of conventional military weapons and munitions. It is important that strict and consistent controls are established and effectively implemented to help prevent torture and the excessive use of force. The following examples are intended to demonstrate the existence of good practice which could be built on in the future. In 2006, the European Union (EU) established the first multi-lateral instrument to prohibit the international trade in equipment which has no practical use other than for the purposes of executions, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and to control the trade in a range of policing and security equipment often misused in the perpetration of such human rights violations.56 The EU Torture Trade Regulation covers the trade of all EU member states and the binding controls introduced apply to a range of equipment often not found on EU member states’ military or dual use export control lists. For example, the Regulation prohibits the import, export, transfer, promotion and brokering of body-worn electric shock devices and controls the export of other electric shock equipment intended for use by law enforcement, including electric shock batons. As for chemical irritants, OC and PAVA are controlled by the EU Torture Trade Regulation, while others including CS and CN are controlled under the Common Military List of the European Union. 53 UN Group of Experts on Côte d’Ivoire, Final Report, prepared in accordance with paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1980 (2011), issued by the UNSC on 14 April 2012, UN doc. S/2012/196, para. 58. 54 Amnesty International, If You Resist We’ll Shoot You: The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Case for an Effective Arms Trade Treaty, 2012, pp. 36-37. 55 Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain, “France NCP announces agreement regarding French-manufactured tear gas in Bahrain”, 25 July 2016, http://www.adhrb.org/2016/07/france-ncpstatement-regarding-oecd-complaint-filed-tear-gas-company/ accessed 17 May 2017. 56 European Union, Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 of 27th June 2005 Concerning Trade in Certain Goods Which Could Be Used for Capital Punishment, Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (EU Torture Trade Regulation). 15