The Guidelines focus upon ill-treatment by law enforcement officials8, however it is envisaged that they might have useful application in other areas, such as the prison systems, and in relation to the procedures for protection of other human rights, including combating impunity for other “serious human rights violations”. 8. Article 1 of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the UN General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, defines this area in the following terms: “(a) The term “law enforcement officials”, includes all officers of the law, whether appointed or elected, who exercise police powers, especially the powers of arrest or detention. (b) In countries where police powers are exercised by military authorities, whether uniformed or not, or by State security forces, the definition of law enforcement officials shall be regarded as including officers of such services. (c) Service to the community is intended to include particularly the rendition of services of assistance to those members of the community who by reason of personal, economic, social or other emergencies are in need of immediate aid. (d) This provision is intended to cover not only all violent, predatory and harmful acts, but extends to the full range of prohibitions under penal statutes. It extends to conduct by persons not capable of incurring criminal liability.” In the Guidelines and Explanatory Note, the terms “police” and “law enforcement” are used interchangeably. As to the obligation to investigate ill-treatment by private individuals, see 97 members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, Judgment of 3 May 2007, application no. 71156/01, paras. 96 and 97. Preface ► Page 7