002/19-09-2007-ECCC-OCIJ ЮŲŠ / No: D427 structures with a network of security centres and execution sites in the areas over which it had taken control, in order to detain and reeducate or kill those who were suspected of engaging in activities against the State.570 By the end of the CPK regime, approximately 200 security centres and countless execution sites had been established, located in every Zone throughout Cambodia and at all levels of the CPK administration structure, including at the Party Centre.571 Of these, the Co-Investigating Judges were seized of eleven security centres (S-21 security centre, Au Kanseng security centre, Koh Kyang security centre, Kok Kduoch security centre, Kraing Ta Chan security centre, North Zone security centre, Prey Damrei Srot security centre, Phnom Kraol security centre, Sang security centre, Wat Kirirum security centre, Wat Tlork security centre) and three execution sites, in addition to Choeung Ek, related to S-21: (Execution Sites in District 12, Steung Tauch and Tuol Po Chrey execution sites). 179. The two key objectives of security centres and execution sites were to reeducate bad-elements and “smash” enemies. In its common usage, to “smash” meant to “kill”.572 However, in the context of a security centre, it meant to secretly arrest, interrogate, torture, and execute.573 Similarly, “sweep” was a term used to describe arrests,574 usually followed by executions.575 Chapter VII of the Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea entitled “Justice” illustrates the CPK’s concern to protect the State from subversion.576 Article 10 of this chapter refers to two forms of activity that posed a threat to the State and their corresponding penalties: “[d]angerous activities in opposition to the people's State must be condemned to the highest degree”, whereas “[o]ther cases are subject to constructive reeducation in the framework of the State's or people's organizations”.577 A person suspected of the former category of activity was deemed to be an “enemy” who had to be “smashed”,578 whereas a person falling within the latter category was considered a “bad-element” who would be reeducated as prescribed by the Constitution.579 Security centres detained both “enemies” and “bad-elements” and usually labelled them “serious” and “light” prisoners respectively.580 180. The CPK used several methods to identify those who had carried out “activities against the State”, including requiring people to write biographies and attend self-criticism meetings. Persons arrested and interrogated at a security centre were required to name other members of their alleged “network”, routinely under torture, which was practiced in security centres nationwide, even prior to 17 April 1975.581 The methods of interrogation were given different labels ranging from “cold”, “chewing” to “hot”.582 These methods appear to have been taught to security centre cadres by the sector and district cadres and were commonly understood terms.583 Further, interrogators routinely asked detainees the same questions at different security centres, such as whether they were agents of the CIA. The order to interrogate along these lines originated from the Centre and Zone levels584 and reflected the Party Centre’s fear Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, National Road 4, Choam Chao, Dangkao Phnom Penh Mailing address: P.O. Box 71, Phnom Penh; Tel: +855(0)23 218914 Fax: +855(0) 23 218941. 48