Partnerships with Other Organizations • Staff programmes have no inherent barriers to partnering. However, as such programmes in the past have been more self-sufficient operationally, there is a tendency for less direct operational partnering with local organizations; • Project programmes have partnered extensively with other local organizations and experts on operational matters such as hiring, training, manual-drafting, and report-writing. Capacity-Building and Local Character • Project programmes contract and train local lawyers as monitors, including NGO-affiliated lawyers, and contribute to building local professional capacity; • Project programmes help condition courts to having citizens in court and give the programme an added dimension of local character among legal actors and participants. Duration of Programme • Staff programmes have historically shown a high level of continuity, as funding and missions have continued operating; • Project programmes are of fixed duration, making continuation of activities subject to further funding. A few projects have not been renewed, eliminating the possibility of follow-up monitoring on recommendations. Sustainability in Absence of OSCE Support • Neither staff nor project programmes provide a platform to continue operations without continued OSCE or ODIHR operational and financial support, given that neither model is aimed at supporting the creation of an independent body capable of continuing coordinated monitoring activities (see Chapter 3.5, “Domestic monitoring organizations or coalitions”). As Chart 2 indicates, while there are operational differences between the models, these differences are often a matter of degree. Some differences such as access and partnership issues may also be minimized through strategies that are equally applicable to both models, or are a matter of programme choice. Most importantly, both models provide an institutional structure capable of supporting comprehensive trial-monitoring for an extended duration in aid of long-term judicial reform. 3.4 Special-purpose projects A third type of trial-monitoring programme model that exists within the OSCE framework is a special-purpose trial-monitoring operation. Such programmes are usually of specific focus and limited duration in response to invitations from participating States to monitor trials in connection with a specific event that has raised wider human rights concerns in the international community. Such programmes must often deploy quickly without an extended period of time in which to organize. Special-purpose trial-monitoring projects have been organized by ODIHR on a number of occasions in response to human rights concerns and invitations by participating States. One special-purpose programme involved an ODIHR project to monitor 40 Trial-Monitoring: A Reference Manual for Practitioners