Gender and Security Toolkit While there are no consistently collected global comparative data on women in the justice sector, data that are available clearly show that women are underrepresented in the judiciary of many countries (although less so in civil law systems). Progress has been made in recent years, although women tend to occupy the lower levels of the justice sector. For instance, an evaluation of 47 Council of Europe member states found that in 2016 the percentage of professional judges who were female had risen to 57 per cent, from 47 per cent two years previously, but at the level of Supreme Courts the percentage of female judges was only 37 per cent.23 Across Council of Europe member states and globally, the proportion of female judges and the proportion of senior female judges vary widely, as illustrated in Figure 2. Moreover, even where there is a balance between women and men in the justice system in quantitative terms, gender-based barriers to promotion and career advancement often persist. Women are also underrepresented in the legislature in almost every country: as of November 2018, women comprise 50 per cent or more in the parliaments of only three countries (Rwanda 61.3 per cent, Cuba 53.2 per cent and Bolivia 53.1 per cent).24 Figure 2: Women in the judiciary 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 an da a Women Judges in Supreme Court (%) L Ch & atin ad Ib Am er Ni ia eri ge n ca Pe , C ria ni a ns rib ul be a an Pa na m a Su rin am e Tu ni sia Le ba no n Ba hr ai n Women Judges (%) Rw US ric Af ut h Sw So ia rb Se UK itz er la nd Cr Cz oa ec tia h Re pu bl ic Is ra el M or oc co Ca na da M em be rS ta te s 0 Co E 14 Data are from the most recent public sources as at November 2018, but relate to 2010 (Middle East and North Africa), 2011 (Africa), 2014 (Latin America, Caribbean and Iberian Peninsula), 2016 (Council of Europe including Morocco and Israel, and South Africa) and 2018 (United States and Canada). Sources: Council of Europe (2018) “European judicial systems: Efficiency and quality of justice”, CEPEJ Studies No. 26, Strasbourg: Council of Europe; J. Campisi and B. Griggs (2018) “Of the 113 Supreme Court justices in US history, all but 6 have been white men”, CNN, 5 September, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/09/politics/supreme-court-justice-minoritiestrnd/index.html (accessed 14 October 2019); US National Association of Women Judges (2018) “US State Court women judges 2018”, https://www.nawj.org/statistics/2018-us-state-court-women-judges (accessed 26 November 2018); Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, Canada (2018) “Number of federally appointed judges as of November 2, 2018”, www.fja.gc.ca/appointments-nominations/judges-juges-eng.aspx#yk (accessed 26 November 2018); Judges Matter (2017) “The make-up of South Africa’s judiciary”, 29 March, https://www.judgesmatter.co.za/opinions/south-africa-judges/ (accessed 26 November 2018); OECD/CAWTAR (2017) Women in Public Life: Gender, Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, Paris: OECD Publishing; UN Women (2011) Progress of the World’s Women 2011–2012: In Pursuit of Justice,