environment in the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. Representatives from the border guards, customs services, prosecution and anti-corruption authorities of Moldova and Ukraine participated in this Train of Trainers programme. Gender and Ethnic Mainstreaming In March, TNTD/BSMU organized the seminar titled “Women in Border Security and Management – Leaders of Today and Tomorrow” in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Hosted by the Mongolian Ministry of Justice Law Enforcement University, the course brought together women officials from the National Police Agency, the Border Protection Agency, the Border Protection Institute, the National Emergency Management Agency, the Chinggis Khaan International Airport, the Immigration and Citizenship Agency, the Customs General Administration, the Graduate School for Security Studies, and the Police Legal Studies Office of the Law Enforcement University. Lectures and group exercises focused on factors and influences in border security and management, good practices in facilitating trade, gender in the security sector, leadership and management by women, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in border surveillance, risk management and allocating human resources, as well as issues relating to migration, refugees and human trafficking. Activities Related to Threats Posed by Criminal Activity Cross-Border Co-operation in Criminal Matters TNTD/BSMU contributed to and supported outreach activities, including several OSCE/BMSC specialized trainings such as the BMSC Staff Courses that promoted cooperation among border security and management agencies across the OSCE region. TNTD/BSMU also participated and contributed to other training events and workshops aimed to address cross-border co-operation together with regional and international organizations such as BORDERPOL, DCAF, FRONTEX, UNCCT, and UNODC. Illicit Drugs and Chemical Precursors In accordance with the commitments of MC.DEC/4/11 on “Strengthening the OSCE Engagement with Afghanistan”, TNTD/BSMU continued to promote cross-border co-operation on countering illicit drug trafficking. The OSCE has been providing support to improve existing border management systems between Afghanistan and neighbouring states and to enhance the capacities of relevant border security and management agencies in combatting drug trafficking by organizing specialized training and capacity-building activities. 28 In April, upon request of the OSCE Centre in Ashgabat, TNTD/BSMU delivered a series of lectures for up to 130 cadets from Turkmenistan’s Border Guards Institute. TNTD’s customs expert delivered presentations on the OSCE border security and management mandate, cross-border threats and transnational crime, border controls, customs controls, technologies in use in border environs, integrity, and migration. High interest was shown on the topics of countering drug trafficking, strategic trade, and national and international laws and commitments for balancing trade and security at and near borders. Trafficking in Human Beings & Migration-Related Crime TNTD/BSMU contributed expert support on the issue of THB at the FRONTEX “Anti-trafficking in Human Beings Preparatory Meeting”, held in Warsaw, Poland in February. Border Security and Management/Customs In February, TNTD/BSMU, in close co-operation with the Government of Lithuania and OSCE field operations in Central Asia, conducted the “Central Asian Seminar on Demarcation and Delimitation Practices” in Medininkai, Lithuania. Through a series of presentations and case studies, participants and invited experts were familiarized with the pertinent international legal framework, definitions and approaches to international delimitation and demarcation, peculiarities of negotiation processes, and specific national and bilateral experiences from across the OSCE region. In May, the “9th Annual Meeting of the OSCE Border Security and Management National Focal Points Network” took place in Vienna, Austria. NFPs and experts from national agencies discussed the topic of promoting cross-border and interagency co-operation in the OSCE area by using the example of holding a major international mass-gathering event and examining the associated border security and management related threats. In June, TNTD/BSMU, jointly with the Principality of Monaco and with the support of UNODC and INTERPOL, conducted the OSCE conference on “Tackling Emerging Transnational Threats in the Mediterranean Region through Information Sharing and Co-operation”. Representatives of governmental services from pS and PfC, the private sector, and relevant inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations participated in the event. The purpose of the conference was to enhance international dialogue and cooperative efforts to increase the capacities to identify and counter emerging transnational threats.