The companies identified range widely in size and structure from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 3.1 Testing and Selection of law enforcement equipment serving the domestic security market to international companies with complex networks of subsidiaries and operations across the world. Some of these companies such as Condor and Poly Defensor specialize in less Although some Brazilian manufacturers of law enforcement equipment and weapons export their lethal equipment, whereas others, like CBC and IMBEL, manufacture law enforcement equipment as part of products (see exports section below), the largest market for these companies remains Brazil itself. As a result, a broader catalogue of conventional arms. While the majority of the companies are based in the industrial many of the products manufactured by these companies are currently used by law enforcement agencies across and commercial hubs of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the findings revealed the presence of manufacturers the country. of security equipment across the country, including in less economically developed states such as Goias and Santa Catarina. Finally, although the list of manufacturers includes the state-owned company IMBEL, the research revealed that the current marketplace for security equipment in Brazil is dominated by privately-owned companies, some of whom have expanded into foreign markets. In section one, this report highlighted how adequate use of force protocols and accountability mechanisms can help to reduce the risks associated with the use of law enforcement equipment and weapons. However, these risks can also be directly affected by the design and manufacture of the equipment itself. As such, when attempting to minimise the number of deaths and serious injuries caused by law enforcement equipment and The map below provides details of each of the companies identified during the research, including company weapons, it is important not only to ensure that force used by law enforcement officials is in accordance with names and the categories of equipment manufactured76. While every effort has been made to make this international human rights standards, but also that the equipment used is well-designed and appropriate for information as comprehensive as possible, given the ever-changing nature of the global trade in military and the operational context in which it is deployed. In particular, it is essential that all equipment and weapons security equipment, the list should not be considered as definitive but rather as illustrative of the diversity, used by law enforcement officials are rigorously and independently tested prior to selection and procurement. scope and scale of Brazil’s trade in law enforcement equipment and weapons. According to the UN Guidance on Less Lethal weapons, these tests should, Figure 1: Brazilian Manufacturers of law enforcment equipment and weapons ‘take into full account both the required and the potential capabilities and effects of the weapons, and should be based on impartial legal, technical, medical and scientific expertise and evidence. Testing should evaluate the effects of all reasonably likely or expected uses of the weapons. Particular consideration should be given to assessing the potential effects of using less lethal weapons and related equipment against individuals who may be especially vulnerable’77. Furthermore, the guidance notes that, ‘Less lethal weapons and related equipment whose designated, expected or intended use does not comply with the rules governing law enforcement, or which presents undue risk of loss of life or serious injury to anyone, including criminal suspects, bystanders or law enforcement officials themselves, shall not be authorized for procurement, deployment or use’78. In Brazil, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security (MJSP) through the National Secretariat for Public Security (SENASP) has recently created the National Programme for Standardization and Certification of Public Safety Products (Pro-Seguranca). The programme, which was brought into existence by Ordinance No. 104, of 13th March 202079 in accordance with § 3 of article 17 of Decree No. 10,030 / 201980, is intended to ‘establish Technical Standards that contemplate the minimum requirements for safety, quality and performance of equipment, products and public safety services’81. The process for developing standards through Pro-Seguranca consists of several stages, including a consultation with experts and councils representing public security institutions and a public consultation. The public 26  27