11 Conclusions and Recommendations On Article 14 United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) Article 14 UNCAT, sets out that State Parties shall ensure that those people who have been subjected to Torture, Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment have redress and a right to rehabilitation, within the legal system of the state. Art 14(1) specifically sets out the right to the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. In all cases involving Torture, Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment HBF recommends the application of Art 14 (1) to ensure that those people subjected to such treatment have an enforceable right to rehabilitation, and must therefore be able to access the means for as full rehabilitation as possible within, and provided by, the state. On the clinical assessment and documentation of victims of trafficking Use of the Istanbul Protocol The Helen Bamber Foundation recommends the use of the Istanbul Protocol Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment for all psychological and physical assessment and documentation of victims of trafficking. The Istanbul Protocol provides a sound basis upon which to document torture and ill-treatment and provides key indicators for treatment. Widening of the Istanbul Protocol HBF recommends widening the Istanbul Protocol via an addendum to be produced by international legal and clinical experts including those who work directly with victims of trafficking. This addendum should recognize the complex mental and physical responses to trauma which are suffered by survivors of interpersonal violence. It should explicitly accord with, and build upon, the spirit and principles of the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings and the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children. Specifically it should include formal recognition of the difficulties of identification of victims of trafficking 114 and of conducting assessment in trafficking cases, building upon the principles of Articles 10 and 12 of the Council of Europe Convention. On Complex Trauma The need for international research on Complex Trauma HBF’s clinical experience demonstrates a pressing need for further clinical research on the complex mental and physical responses to trauma suffered by victims of trafficking. This view is supported by the work of leading specialists in the trauma field. Clinical research on Complex Trauma is particularly relevant to the development of an informed and detailed approach to the identification, documentation and protection of trafficked people, which establishes appropriate standards for their clinical assessment and therapeutic care. The need for training and awareness raising on Complex Trauma Awareness-raising on complex trauma is needed for all professionals who encounter victims of trafficking in the general and mental health sectors. There is a need for the dissemination of information on trafficking issues from a clinical perspective, particularly victims’ psychological and physical responses to Complex Trauma and effective routes to individual stabilization and sustained recovery. This information should extend to all professionals who work in statutory and non-statutory agencies that include general support and counselling services. Awareness-raising on working with the physical and psychological needs of people who have been trafficked is also required for those working within criminal justice systems and more specific training for these and other professionals who work with or directly interact with victims of trafficking.