European Union European Union (EU), Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted (2004), in Official Journal L304/12 European Union (EU), Council of the European Union, Council Framework Decision 2001/220/ JHA on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings (15 March 2001), in Official Journal L 82/1, 23/3/2001. European Union (EU), Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA (5 April 2011), in Official Journal L 101, 15/04/2011. Jayasinghe, U., Baglay, S., ‘Protecting Victims of Human Trafficking Within a ‘Non-Refoulement’ Framework: is Complementary Protection an Effective Alternative in Canada and Australia?’, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 23(/3) (2011), pp. 489-520. Lehti, M., Aromaa, K., ‘Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation’, Crime and Justice, Vol. 34 (1) (2006), pp. 133-227. LEFOE, Quality standards for risk assessment and the safe return and reintegration of trafficked persons (2011). McAdam, J., Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law (Oxford University Press, 2007). Nikolic-Ristanovic, V., Copic, S., ‘Combating THB for Labour Exploitation in Serbia’, in Rijken (ed.), Combating Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation (WLP: Nijmegen, 2011). Other Sources Nowak, M., U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – CCPR Commentary (2nd ed., NP Engel: Kehl, 2005). Amnesty International and Redress, Gender and Torture – Conference Report (2011). Nowak, M., Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime (Martinus Nijhoff: Leiden, 2003). Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT) and Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), Torture in International Law – A guide to jurisprudence (2008). Nowak, M., McArthur, E., The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Commentary (Oxford University Press: New York, 2008). Cunniffe, D., Tackling impunity for Non-State Actors – How has the Committee against Torture interpreted the ‘acquiescence of a public official’ requirement in the Convention’s definition of torture and how does this compare with the concept of ‘due diligence’ developed by other regional mechanisms? (2011), unpublished, copy with the authors. Obokata, T., Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Leiden, 2006). De Schutter, O., International Human Rights Law (Cambridge University Press, 2010). European Roma Rights Centre, Breaking the Silence: Trafficking in Romani Communities (Budapest, 2011). Gallagher, A., The International Law of Human Trafficking (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2010). Ingelse, Ch., The UN Committee against Torture – An Assessment (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Leiden, 2001). International Human Rights Group, “Trafficking in Human Beings: The Slavery that Surrounds Us”, A. Jordan (August 2001). Okawa, J., “Impact of Trafficking Offenses on the Individual”, Program for Survivors of Torture and Severe Trauma, Center for Multicultural Human Services (January 2001), conference material. Redress, Reparation for Torture, A survey of law and practice in thirty selected countries (2003). Rodríguez-Pinzón, D., Martin, C., The Prohibition of Torture and Ill-treatment in the Inter-American Human Rights System: A Handbook for Victims and their Advocates (2006). Seaman, A.L., ‘Permanent Residency for Human Trafficking Victims in Europe: The Potential Use of Article 3 of the European Convention as a Means of Protection’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 48/2 (2009). 43

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