temperatures and deprivation of light and auditory stimuli”), environmental manipulation to create moderate discomfort, sleep adjustment, and isolation398 were reportedly part of a more general system designed to cause stress, “break the will of the prisoners (…), and make them wholly dependent on their interrogators”,399 in order to force them to cooperate. 219. Former detainees interviewed by ODIHR reported being subjected to sleep deprivation, as well as a variety of practices such as regular and severe beatings, food deprivation, water deprivation, use of stress positions, exposure to constant loud noise and neon lights, as well as to the use of prolonged solitary confinement.400 The treatment suffered by Mohammed al Qahtani, the alleged would-be 20th hijacker involved in the 9/11 attacks, is another example of the severity of the abuses inflicted on some detainees. His interrogation log reveals that, from November 2002 to early January 2003, he was subjected to an intense combination of practices, including, inter alia, sleep deprivation, forced standing, exposure to loud music and white noise, forced grooming, being forced to perform dog tricks, sexual humiliation and being forced to stand naked.401 He is said to have developed serious medical conditions and his treatment during interrogations reportedly left him in a “lifethreatening condition”.402 The treatment of Mohammed Jawad in May 2004 illustrates the use of the sleep deprivation technique known as the “frequent flyer” programme. Pursuant to this practice, Jawad was shackled, moved from cell to cell, and unshackled “112 times from 7 May to 20 May 2004, on average of about once every three hours”.403 220. At Guantánamo, both interrogation and detention conditions were reportedly meant to show detainees that their interrogators had total control over their level of isolation, access to comfort items and basic needs,404 including access to food, drinkable water, sunlight or 398 Donald H. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum: ‘Counter-Resistance Techniques in the War on Terrorism’”, op. cit., note 360; UN Special Procedures, “Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay”, op. cit., note 23, paras. 49-50. 399 Neil A. Lewis, “Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantánamo”, The New York Times website, 30 November 2004, <http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/30/politics/30gitmo.html?_r=0>. 400 ODIHR interview with Murat Kurnaz, 26 March 2014. Murat Kurnaz was transferred to Germany on August 24, 2006; ODIHR interview with David Hicks, op. cit., note 228; ODIHR interview with Lakhdar Boumediene, op. cit., note 216; ODIHR interview with Mustafa Ait Idir and Hajj Boudella, op. cit., note 217. 401 “Interrogation Log, Detainee 063”, <http://content.time.com/time/2006/log/log.pdf>; Getting Away with Torture: The Bush Administration and Mistreatment of Detainees, (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2011), pp. 79-80, <http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0711webwcover.pdf>. 402 Bob Woodward, “Guantanamo detainee was tortured, says official overseeing military trials”, The Washington Post website, 14 January 2009, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/13/AR2009011303372.html>. 403 United States Military Commission, United States of America v. Mohammed Jawad, D-008, “Ruling on Defense Motion to Dismiss - Torture of the Detainee”, 24 September 2008, p. 2, where the military judge found that subjecting Jawad to the frequent flyer programme constituted “abusive conduct and cruel and inhuman treatment”; “USA: Remedy and accountability still absent, Mohammed Jawad subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment in Guantánamo, military judge finds”, Amnesty International, 1 October 2008, p. 2, <http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/info/AMR51/109/2008/en>. The use of the “frequent flyer” programme was also described in “Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody”, United States Senate Armed Services Committee, 11 December 2008, p. 148, <http://s3.amazonaws.com/nytdocs/docs/211/211.pdf>. 404 Scott Higham, “A Look Behind the ‘Wire’ at Guantanamo”, The Washington Post website, 13 June 2004, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37364-2004Jun12.html>; UN Special Procedures, “Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay”, op. cit., note 23, para. 53: referring to a memorandum of the Department of Defense, prepared after an ICRC meeting with Major General Geoffrey D. Miller, then commander of detention operations at Guantánamo, on 9 October 2003, where the ICRC reportedly stated that it “feels that interrogators have too much control over the basic needs of detainees. That the interrogators attempt to control the detainees through use of isolation. Mr. Cassard stated that the interrogators have total control of the level of isolation in which the detainees were kept; the level of comfort items detainees can receive; and also the access of basic needs to the detainees.” See, also, “Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in 93