PART III.�� INSTRUMENTS OF FORCE • Decide what minimum use of force could achieve the objective. • Apply the force if no other feasible option is available. • Re-assess the situation and decide to apply force again or scale up or down. This is a continuous and cyclic assessment process until the objective has been achieved or otherwise the circumstances have changed and force is no longer required. Each instrument of force carries advantages and risks, and care should be taken to minimize the risks as much as possible. In addition, none of the instruments discussed can be guaranteed to have a perfect efficiency rate. As such, use of any of the instruments of force discussed in this chapter must be conditional upon being adequately trained in their use, reinforced with regular refresher training. The training should be scenario-based, practical, as close to reality as possible and should enable the user to articulate the facts that caused the use of force. Whenever possible, a warning should be given prior to the use of an instrument of force, if appropriate, and the subject should be allowed to comply before using the weapon. Law enforcement officials applying force, regardless of the instrument, are personally responsible for doing so and hence should be personally identifiable. They should record, in detail, any use of force and report it to their superiors, and should be required to account for their actions and show that they acted responsibly within the applicable legal and operational framework. Following orders is no excuse for arbitrary or excessive force. Supervisors and commanders bear responsibility for the lawfulness of their orders, the adequacy of their supervision, and the quality of the briefing and instructions before an operation as well as debriefing. It is also their responsibility to intervene when it is known an official has a problematic record in the use of force. 79