4.3 Scope of Application 137 4.3.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment 137 138 4.3.2 Lawful sanctions 4.3.2.1 The death penalty 138 4.3.2.2 Corporal punishment 139 4.3.3 Conditions of detention 140 4.3.4 Solitary confinement 140 4.3.5 Incommunicado detention and enforced disappearances 141 4.3.6 Relatives of victims of human rights violations 142 4.3.7 Extradition and expulsion 144 Chapter 5: International Tribunals 145 Introduction 146 5.1 Definitions 147 5.1.1 The purpose requirement 149 5.1.2 Intentional infliction of severe pain or suffering 152 5.1.3 The official capacity requirement 153 5.1.4 The distinction between torture and other ill-treatment 155 5.1.4.1 Inhuman treatment 156 5.1.4.2 Cruel treatment 158 5.1.4.3 Outrages upon personal dignity 159 5.1.4.4 Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health 161 5.1.4.5 Violence to life, health and physical or mental well-being 162 5.1.4.6 Other inhumane acts 164 5.1.4.7 Summary viii 142 Conclusion 5.1.5 Torture and other ill-treatment within the crime of genocide 167 167 5.2 Scope of Application 169 5.2.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment 169 170 5.2.2 Lawful sanctions 5.2.2.1 The death penalty 170 5.2.2.2 Corporal punishment 170