1.3.7 Extradition and expulsion 1.3.7.1 Diplomatic assurances 51 Conclusion 53 Chapter 2: The European Regional System 55 Introduction 56 2.1 Definitions 56 2.1.1 Torture 56 2.1.2 Inhuman treatment 60 2.1.3 Degrading treatment 61 2.2 States Parties’ Obligations 63 2.2.1 Duty to protect from ill-treatment by private actors 63 2.2.2 Duty to investigate 65 2.2.3 Duty to enact and enforce legislation 68 2.2.4 Duty to exclude evidence obtained by torture or other ill-treatment 69 2.2.5 Duty to train personnel and provide procedural safeguards 70 2.2.6 Duty to grant redress and compensate victims 72 2.3 Scope of Application 72 2.3.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment 72 75 2.3.2 Lawful sanctions 2.3.2.1 The death penalty 2.3.2.2 Corporal punishment 75 76 2.3.3 Conditions of detention 2.3.4 Solitary confinement 81 2.3.5 Incommunicado detention and enforced disappearances 82 2.3.6 Relatives of victims of human rights violations 83 2.3.7 Extradition and expulsion 84 2.3.7.1 Diplomatic assurances Conclusion vi 46 77 89 90 Chapter 3: The Inter-American Regional System 93 Introduction 94 3.1 Definitions 94 3.1.1 Torture 95 3.1.2 Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 98 3.1.3 Humane treatment of detainees 99