CAT/C/CZE/CO/4-5 restrictions on the freedom of movement of asylum seekers in closed reception centres; and the regime and material conditions of detention in centres for foreign nationals awaiting deportation (arts. 3 and 11). The Committee recommends that the State party implement alternatives to detention of asylum seekers, including unconditional release, in particular of families with children and asylum seeking adults who are responsible for children; that asylum seekers enjoy freedom of movement in closed reception centres, with adequate reception conditions; that the State party review the duration of restrictions on freedom of movement of asylum seekers in closed reception centres and that it review the regime and material conditions in centres for foreign nationals awaiting deportation in order to ensure that they are in conformity with the principle of nonrefoulement set out in article 3 of the Convention and in the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees Training 18. The Committee is concerned about the State party’s assertion that signs of physical and psychological injuries caused by torture are so specific that an experienced medical worker does not require training (art. 10). The Committee recommends strongly that training in detecting signs and treating physical and psychological injuries resulting from torture and ill-treatment outlined in the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol) be made part of the training for nursing, medical personnel, paramedical personnel and other professionals involved in the documentation and investigation of allegations of torture and ill-treatment to ensure that every case of torture is detected and the perpetrators duly punished. Stateless persons 19. While noting that the State party has ratified the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, The Committee is concerned about the particularly vulnerable situation of stateless persons, in particular persons without valid documents and permanent residence in the State party; about the absence of a definition of statelessness, of a central database of stateless persons and of a legal framework, and of a procedure or mechanisms to determine their status; and about the possible discrimination between different categories of stateless persons under the new Citizenship Act (arts. 3 and 16). The Committee recommends that the State party introduce the definition of statelessness in its legislation, establish procedures and mechanisms for the determination of the status of statelessness and create a central database on stateless persons in its territory. In order to avoid discrimination among different categories of stateless persons, the State party should review the provisions in the draft Citizenship Act relating to acquisition of nationality by children who would otherwise be stateless or who are born out of wedlock to foreign stateless mothers. In addition, the Committee recommends that stateless persons be provided with identification documents. Surgical castration of sex offenders 20. The Committee is concerned about the continued use of surgical castration for detained sex offenders. The Committee is concerned that surgical castration usually takes place in the context of a measure of protective treatment (mandatory treatment in a psychiatric hospital) and that article 99 of the Penal Code implies that patients can be placed and treated without their consent. It is also concerned that the detention of sex offenders under the new Act on “forensic detention” may be of an indefinite nature. The 6