4. Reproductive rights and ­human rights standards and principles materialize in violence against women, not only increasing women’s risk of contracting HIV/AIDS but also seriously affecting the way women with HIV/AIDS are treated. To her, the worst discrimination encountered by HIV-infected women relates to family planning, pregnancy and childcare, often extinguishing the right to choose whether to have children and to make informed decisions on how to avoid transmitting the disease to an unborn child or a newborn infant. the name of culture and of gender imbalances; 3. Train judges, health-care providers and other relevant officials on how to treat HIV-positive women; 4. Document, investigate and prosecute systemic HIV-related violations of human rights; 5. Provide holistic sexuality education; In order to combat this form of discrimination, states should: 1. Enact laws to combat violence against women and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS, including with respect to sexual and reproductive health; 6. Ensure women have access to health care; and 7. Provide voluntary counselling and testing for pregnant women who are making decisions about prenatal and post-natal care. 2. Raise awareness of discriminatory and oppressive practices pursued in 101