Endnotes 1 Although there has been some analysis of China’s military export control system, which includes some categories of law enforcement equipment (e.g. Mark Bromley, Mathieu Duchâtel and Paul Holtom, ‘Bridging the Gap, China’s Exports of Small Arms and Light Weapons’, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 38, p. 19, available at http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/ SIPRIPP38.pdf), the Omega Research Foundation is the only organization to have systematically compiled information on the manufacture and trade of Chinese law enforcement equipment. 2 See Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 of 27 June 2005 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, published in Official Journal of the European Union, L200/1, 30 July 2005, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ :L:2005:200:0001:0019:EN:PDF; United Nations, General Assembly resolution 68th Session, Third Committee, Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, 68/156, A/68/456/Add.1), para. 30, www.un.org/en/ga/ search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/156 3 Transfer refers to the movement of goods from one state to another via import, export, transit or transhipment. 4 European Trade Regulations No. 1236/2005, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L: 2005:200:0001:0019:EN:PDF 5 Provincial Public Security Bureaux handle regional law enforcement and public security issues. 6 Omega Research Foundation database. For the published report see Amnesty International, Pain Merchants: Security equipment and its use in torture and other ill-treatment, 2003, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ ACT40/008/2003/en/a0ba9742-d67a-11dd-ab95-a13b602c0642/act400082003en.pdf (accessed August 2014). 7 Omega database. This includes companies that have been active between 2009-2014. 8 The main exhibitions are Asia Pacific China Police (China Police), China International Exhibition and Symposium on Police Equipment Anti-Terrorism Technology and Equipment (CIPATE) and China Police and Security Exhibition (CPSE). 9 China Police 2008 show report, available at www.cpexhibition.com/police/ (accessed August 2014). The 2008 show report said it had tripled in size (floor space) between 2002 and 2008 to 30,000m2. 10 China Police 2012 show report, available at www.cpexhibition.com/police/ (accessed August 2014). 11 China Jing’an Equipment Import / Export Corporation website: http://chinajingimpexp.com/index.php (accessed August 2014). 12 China Jing’an Equipment Import / Export Corporation website: http://chinajingimpexp.com/index.php (accessed August 2014). 13 Company brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2008). 14 China Defence and Security Report, Business Monitor International Ltd., pp. 76-82, Q4 2010. 15 Company brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2011). 16 www.xxg.com.cn/generalcompany.html translated by Amnesty International in June 2012; English version available at http://www.xxg.com.cn/english/tabid/1484/language/zh-CN/Default.aspx (accessed August 2014). 17 www.xxg.com.cn/english/tabid/1484/language/zh-CN/Default.aspx (accessed August 2014). 18 China Xinxing Import / Export Corporation brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2012). 19 China Xinxing Import / Export Corporation brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2012). 20 See http://en.norincogroup.com.cn/html/2012/defenseproducts_0320/12.html (accessed August 2014) and www. norinco.com.cn/GB/61/76/88/index.html (accessed August 2014). 21 James Mulvenon and Rebecca Samm Tyroler-Cooper, ‘China’s Defense Industry on the Path of Reform’, The USChina Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2009. 22 James Mulvenon and Rebecca Samm Tyroler-Cooper, ‘China’s Defense Industry on the Path of Reform’, The USChina Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2009. 23 Company brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2011). 24 Omega Database. 25 Poly Technologies brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2010). 26 Poly Technologies brochure on file with Omega (undated but obtained in 2010). 27 UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ fession- alInterest/Pages/LawEnforcementOfficials.aspx; and Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, http://www. unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/UN_Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners.pdf 28 Amnesty International, The state of the world’s human rights 2013, available at www.amnesty.org/en/annual- report/2013 Amnesty International, The state of the world’s human rights 2012, available at www.amnesty.org/en/ annual-report/2012 Amnesty International, The state of the world’s human rights 2011, available at www.amnesty.org/ en/annual-report/2011 Amnesty International, The state of the world’s human rights 2010, available at www.amnesty. 34 China’s Trade in Tools of Torture and Repression Amnesty International – Index: ASA 17/042/2014