China (Index: ASA 17/042/2013), December 2013. 72 Hu Xiufen interviewed in Du Bin, ‘Above the Ghosts’ Heads: The Women of Masanjia Labor Camp’, available at http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFEl7oophB0. 73 Amnesty International interview, July 2014. A lengthy transcript of Tang Jitian’s torture session can be found at Boxun, April 13 2014, www.peacehall.com/news/gb/china/2014/05/201405060031.shtml#.U5cSr_ldW0M; English translation is available at Siweiluozi’s Blog, www.siweiluozi.net/2014/05/tang-jitian-recounts-torture-and.html; see also Amnesty International calls for an investigation in to the allegations of torture of four lawyers in China (Index: ASA 17/20/2014), 8 April 2014, avai;able at www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/020/2014/en/d3a4a9e4-8208-40a4a4f2-e6383c354956/asa170202014en.pdf 74 According to Chen Jiping, a former leading member of the Chinese Communist Party’s Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, there has been between 30,000 and 50,000 “mass incidents” in China every year in recent years see ‘Chinese Anger Over Pollution Becomes Main Cause of Social Unrest’, Bloomberg, 7 March 2013, available at http:// www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-06/pollution-passes-land-grievances-as-main-spark-of-china-protests.html (accessed August 2014). In 2011, Sun Liping, a professor of sociology at Beijing’s Tsinghua University, said that there had been 180,000 “mass incidents” in China in 2010 – see ‘China’s Spending on Internal Police Force in 2010 Outstrips Defense Budget’, Bloomberg, 6 March 2011, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-06/china-s-spending-on-internal-police-force-in-2010-outstrips-defense-budget.html (accessed August 2014). 75 Amnesty International, China: Standing their ground: Thousands face violent eviction in China (Index: ASA 17/001/2012), 2012, p. 37, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/001/2012/en; China entry for the Amnesty International report The State of the World’s Human Rights 2013, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/ region/china/report-2013. 76 China signed the ICCPR on 5 October 1998, but has not yet ratified it. 77 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 34, Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34, 12 September 2011, para. 21. 78 Principle 4 of the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (UN Basic Principles), adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990. 79 UN Basic Principles, Principle 5. 80 UN Basic Principles, Principle 10. 81 See for instance, Amnesty International, Police violence in Greece: Not just ‘isolated incidents’ (Index: EUR 25/005/2012) July 2012, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR25/005/2012; Amnesty International, ‘Triggerhappy’ Israeli army and police use reckless force in the West Bank (Index: MDE 15/002/2014), February 2014, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE15/002/2014/en; and Amnesty International, “They use a strategy of fear”: Protecting the right to protest in Brazil, (Index: AMR 19/005/2014), June 2014, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/ info/AMR19/005/2014/en. 82 Amnesty International, ‘China: End “outrageous” police violence against Tibetan protesters’, available at www. amnesty.org/en/news/china-end-outrageous-police-violence-against-tibetan-protesters-2013-10-09; Tibetoday, ‘Chinese Police Fire on Unarmed Tibetan Protesters in Driru’, 8 October 2013, www.tibetoday.com/Chinese-Police-Fire-on-Unarmed-Tibetan-Protesters-in-Driru.html; Radio Free Asia, ‘Four Tibetans Shot Dead as Protests Spread in Driru County’, 11 October 2013, available at www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shoot-10112013200735.html. For a chronology of events see: Congressional Executive Committee on China, ‘Biru Villagers Respond With Protests to Chinese Flags, Security, Detentions’, 20 November 2013. 83 Amnesty International, interview with G (male) May 2010; Amnesty International, “Justice, justice”: The July 2009 protests in Xinjiang, China (Index: ASA 17/027/2010), 2 July 2010, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ ASA17/027/2010/en/425679a8-6fde-40b5-a38b-83699e5ac1bc/asa170272010en.pdf; The Guardian, ‘China’s show of strength to quell ethnic violence in Xinjiang’, 8 July 2009, available at www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/08/uighurchina-protests-ethnic-violence 84 Amnesty International, “Justice, justice”: The July 2009 protests in Xinjiang, China (Index: ASA 17/027/2010), 2 July 2010, available at www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/027/2010/en/425679a8-6fde-40b5-a38b-83699e5ac1bc/ asa170272010en.pdf. 85 Milipol Exhibitors list 2013 http://en.milipol.com/Exhibitors-list-2013 includes Jiangsu Wuwei Police Equipment Manufacturing, Jiangsu Anhua Police Equipment manufacturing Co Ltd, and Norinco (last accessed August 2014). 86 Eurostatory’s site currently lists as exhibitors, Norinco, (last accessed August 2014). 87 IDEX Exhibitors List 2011 and 2013. 88 AAD 2012 Exhibitors List includes Norinco and Poly Technologies, see http://www.aadexpo.co.za/2012-exhibitors-list (last accessed August 2014). 89 Wendell Minnick, China Showcases Arms at Africa Defense Expo, Defense News, 13 September 2010 cited in http:// minnickarticles.blogspot.com/2010/10/china-showcases-arms-at-africa-defense.html accessed August 2014 90 Norinco brochure on display at AAD 2010. 91 China XinXing Corporation brochure on display at Eurosatory 2012 and Milipol 2011. 92 Poly Technologies brochure on display at Eurosatory 2010. China’s Trade in Tools of Torture and Repression Amnesty International – Index: ASA 17/042/2014 37