i­nstitution becomes too closely associated with civil society bodies, in ­particular human rights NGOs, this may compromise its independence. Board – To ensure formal diversity, an advisory board may be nominated by, or broadly represent, civil society organisations. This is particularly important in the case of single-member institutions where diversity cannot be reflected in membership. Consultation – Whatever their structure, NHRIs should consult regularly with the public, with community-based bodies and with organisations that have a professional interest in human rights. They will be more effective if they clearly understand what their public wants and needs. They will also benefit from the expertise offered by civil society organisations and academic and research institutions. Full and regular consultation at every stage, from planning to ­implementation and evaluation, will help to ensure that civil society ­organisations support the work of NHRIs. Active partners – Civil society organisations can be involved in the ­implementation of some programmes and activities. They often bring expertise and can provide a bridge into communities that may distrust their national institution, ­perceiving it to be an official body. Strategic alliances that ensure a rational division of labour between NHRIs and civil society organisations can make both more ­effective. At the same time, NHRIs and civil society organisations play different roles. The statutory character of NHRIs gives them formal powers and authority that civil society organisations do not have. The relationship should therefore be ­complementary. NHRIs should not restrict their relationship to human rights NGOs. Community-based bodies, trade unions and peasants’ unions will often be in a better position to identify and articulate popular concerns and ­aspirations. H. Accessibility National institutions must be accessible, especially to people who are ­exposed to human rights violations or non-fulfilment of their rights. Depending on the ­national context, these are likely to include: women, ethnic, linguistic, ­religious or other minorities, indigenous peoples, non-nationals and people with ­disabilities, as well as the very poor. Access is especially important when NHRIs handle complaints; but all NHRIs should ensure they can hear the concerns of such groups. Public information about the national institution and its methods of work should be accessible in print and audio in relevant languages. Local offices – To ensure their broadest physical presence, NHRIs may have to establish local offices in provinces or districts, especially when they deal with complaints. Other considerations will apply in the case of a federal structure, where separate institutions operate at provincial or state level. Links with local organisations – Local human rights organisations or community bodies can link NHRIs with communities and bring forward their concerns. 16 Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions