sional, and therefore the payment for the report is borne by the legal representative. Most reports are requested by the Refugee Legal Service, which is a legal aid mechanism in Ireland for asylum-seekers, and therefore, through a legal aid mechanism, the state is paying for the report. However, approximately 20 percent of SPIRASI’s clients who are referred for MLRs opt for private/non-state provided, legal representation. The cost of the report in this instance is usually borne by the client, but through the solicitor. • Moldova: RCTV Memoria indicated that the cost of producing an MLR, including the costs of all the consultations, tests, diagnostic investigations and the time taken by the team members to produce the final document is around 360 EUR. In more complex cases, the cost can be higher, for example, when additional tests, which can cost up to 100 EUR, are required. • Netherlands: iMMO indicated in its response that the medical advice relevant to producing an MLR costs c. 150 EUR. MLRs produced by iMMO are done on a voluntary basis, so it is difficult to calculate the average cost of producing them. However, with reference to the amount of time taken on the preparation, examination and writing up of the MLR, the cost of producing an MLR is between 600 and 1,000 EUR. RvA NL indicated in its response that MLRs it prepares cost an estimated 300 EUR. • Sweden: The Swedish Red Cross, Malmö quoted the highest average costs for producing an MLR in Europe — 2,000 EUR. • Turkey: SOHRAM-CASRA estimated that the cost of producing an MLR is between 500 to 2,000 EUR, depending on the length and complexity of the report. Within Europe, there were no responses to this question from Armenia, Bulgaria, Italy and Kosovo. North America and the Pacific The centres in North America were unable to give detailed information in response to this question. Canadian centre RIVO gave no response to this question. In the USA, Survivors of Torture, International reported that the cost of producing an MLR could be around 75 EUR. The centre in Virginia, NVFS, said that the cost would vary depending on the type of organisation producing the MLR and whether it received funding from grants and/or donors. In Australia, the cost of producing MLRs is estimated to be between c. 400-500 EUR. The centre indicated that whilst the Legal Aid Board pays this amount for an MLR, most MLRs are produced on a pro-bono basis. In New Zealand, the estimated cost of producing an MLR is given as 3,000 EUR, which is the highest amount quoted. “” QUESTION 11 iMMO, Netherlands “There are elements of good practice but also some poor quality in the work carried out by medical advisors.” Is there training on the preparation of MLRs for health experts? Member centres were asked whether there is training provided to health experts on how to prepare MLRs, and if so, who provides the training and who pays for it. 40 / Recognising victims of torture in national asylum procedures