-25 3.STANDARDS Having adopted a broad definition of prison violence, identifying key standards relevant to prevent it is not an easy task. Violence being a complex phenomenon with a variety of causes, almost all prison standards are somehow relevant to its prevention. An additional difficulty is that there is not one comprehensive instrument setting out guidelines for addressing violence in prison, but that relevant standards are dispersed across a multitude of different documents, often providing different levels of protection. Moreover, international standards are frequently phrased in a broad manner that is not precise enough and may be difficult to apply in practice. Nevertheless, knowing international standards on prison violence is a precondition for effective monitoring. The following section thus aims to collate all relevant standards applicable to prison violence in one place to offer a brief and easily accessible overview for NPMs. Part 3 starts by illustrating the relationship between violence and the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Part 3.2 further collects all international standards that were identified as particularly important in the prevention of violence and thus as relevant factors to consider when investigating prison violence and its root causes. These include, amongst others, standards on the maintenance of safety and security (§ 3.2.1), on ensuring accountability and victim protection (§ 3.2.2) as well as on living conditions of prisoners and staff in prison that were identified as particularly relevant for the prevention of violence (§ 3.2.3 and 3.2.4). Monitoring Prison Violence