-48 discuss their own assumptions concerning the causes of violence and ideas for how change can be achieved. As it is not possible to examine all aspects relevant to violence during a single visit, the objectives for each one should be embedded in a broader long-term strategy for the monitoring of prison violence. If several visits at one prison are planned, the NPM could start with examining physical aspects of the prison facility with regards to violence prevention and at the same time acquire more information on the prevalence of violence, to possibly identify a specifically problematic form of pattern of violence. During subsequent visits, the prevailing culture and staff-prisoner relationships could in turn become the focus to find out more about the less visible root causes ‘underneath the waterline’. GOOD PRACTICE NPM United Kingdom – The HMIP developed ‘Healthy Prison Tests’ and on this basis Expectations.92 Each expectation is in turn composed of a number of indicators that need to be met to ‘fulfil’ the standard. These methods give a clear picture of ‘how things should be’, thereby focusing the monitoring process and giving precise guidance to the prison authorities. Although not specifically established for the monitoring of prison violence, these tests support further quality assurance and better quality of life in prison, both of which are important factors for reducing violence. The HMIP inspects four main areas: • Safety – Whether prisoners, particularly the most vulnerable, are held safely. • Respect – Whether prisoners are treated with respect for their human dignity. • Purposeful activity – Whether prisoners are able and expected to engage in activity that is likely to benefit them. • Rehabilitation and release planning – Whether prisoners are supported in maintaining and developing relationships with their family and friends, are helped to reduce their likelihood of reoffending and their risk of harm is managed effectively and whether they are prepared for their release back into the community. 92. HMIP, Expectations. The inspections and reviews of the HMIP are based on the healthy prison concept which was first set out by the World Health Organisation (WHO), for more details see WHO, ‘Healthy Settings’ <https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/healthy-settings/en/>.