On 2 June, another five-week patrol leadership course started for 21 border guard officers. The course focused on how to plan and carry out border surveillance missions using topographical maps, satellite images and other relevant tools. The course participants also acquired patrol planning and management techniques and improved their skills in reporting and analysis, border patrolling in mountainous areas, alpine skills and first aid in the field. The course is the 13th in a row aimed at enhancing the capacities of Tajik and Afghan border staff in the detection and interdiction of illegal cross-border movements. From 16-18 June, the Office organized a training course on chemical precursors in co-operation with the EU and the United Nations Development Programme. Experts from the Latvian customs service conducted training on chemical substances to a group of 26 officers from three different agencies, ten from the Drug Control Agency, ten from the Customs Service and six from the Border Troops. The training introduced contemporary methodology and best practice in the control of precursors and the identification of potential illegal smuggling of different chemical substances. One component of the training session focused on collecting and sharing information efficiently between national agencies and co-operation with the private sector. The event is part of a series of training courses aimed at developing the capacity of the border security agencies to deal with modern threats and challenges, especially in the identification of narcotics and precursors. From 17-23 July, 15 participants from the Tajik Presidential Apparatus, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Ministry of Justice and Border Troops, along with the Kyrgyz Presidential Apparatus, MFA, Governmental Secretariat on Border Issues and Border Troops, were hosted by the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board at various locations on the EstonianRussian border. The Office and CiB, in close co-operation with the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), organized a study visit on demarcation and delimitation to Estonia. The study visit provided a first-hand overview of the organization of border service in the border areas between Estonia and Russia, where there is no clear border delimitation, similar to the situation on the Tajik-Kyrgyz border. It also provided participants with best practices in confidence-building and international co-operation. From 25-29 August, the Office conducted a workshop on detection and identification of forged documents for 23 mid-rank and front-line officers from Tajik law enforcement agencies who are involved in travel document management and security. The participants studied the structure and nature of document control, security features of travel documents, commonly used falsification methods, detection techniques and examination of travel documents. Experienced border police experts from Turkish National Police Headquarters led the training and shared Turkey’s experiences. The training assisted Tajik border and custom agencies to strengthen their professional capacity in their day-to-day work. The course was part of a series of training courses aimed at capacity development of Tajik border related agencies. On 5 September, 19 officers from the Afghan Border Police finished a five-week training course on patrolling and leadership organized by the Office. Most of the officers came from border detachments at the Afghan-Tajik border. During the course, the officers learned how to plan and conduct observation missions with the use of topographical maps, satellite imagery and other tools; developed patrol planning and management techniques; and improved their skills in reporting and analysis, mountaineering and first aid in the field. The course aims to improve the professionalism and skills of Afghan and Tajik border guards in detection and interdiction of illegal cross-border movements. From 15-19 September, 24 mid-rank and front-line officers from the Border Troops and Customs Service attended a training course on the use of radiation detectors and other technical equipment at border check points. During the course, the officers studied the characteristics of illegal trafficking of nuclear and other radioactive materials, the legal basis for nuclear security, the usage of radiation detection devices and measurement and 153