officers from 13 different countries with the skills and knowledge to develop and deliver training programmes. Graduates who have completed the course will be invited back to teach at the BMSC. The Austrian Ministry of Finance provided the training instructors. From 14-24 April, 16 officers from border agencies of Afghanistan and Tajikistan took part in a Border Management Awareness Course organized by the BMSC in partnership with the Border Management Northern Afghanistan (BOMNAF) project. The course focused on key operational components of an effective border management system, case studies and practical exercises. Issues related to human rights, migration and refugees were also covered. The course focused on practical issues and promoted integrity and professionalism in border agencies. From 14-18 April, a week-long course on border delimitation and demarcation took place at the BMSC. Twenty-five representatives of national border agencies and MFAs from ten pS and four Partners for Co-operation had the opportunity to discuss examples of best practices. The course familiarized participants with border delimitation and demarcation terminology, the international legal framework, the role and mandate of boundary commissions, relevant technological tools, and negotiation and facilitation techniques. From 21-25 April, 24 officers of border security and management agencies from 13 countries participated in a course on leadership and management at the BMSC. The mid- to senior-level officers learned how to apply leadership skills to increase performance and accountability of their subordinates. From 5-30 May, 25 mid- and senior-level female officers of the border, customs and drug control agencies from nine different countries participated in the 11th Staff Course at the Border Management Staff College. The training course supported participation and leadership roles of women in the border security and management agencies. A central topic of the course was support for empowerment and professional development of women leaders working in the area of border security and management. The participants went on study trips to the nearby borders with Afghanistan and Uzbekistan and participated in a round-table discussion on “Strengthening Border Management and Security via Gender Mainstreaming”. On 15 May, Alexander Bobrov, Counsellor of the Political Co-operation Department of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), visited the BMSC and addressed participants of the 11th Staff Course. He provided an introduction to the CSTO’s work to counter transnational threats. The participants learned about CSTO systems, the organization’s policy directions in combatting modern challenges and threats, military co-operation and collective rapid-reaction forces. On 26 May, CSTO Secretariat Representative Mikhail Melikhov delivered a training session on the CSTO’s efforts to counter drug trafficking in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The session was also delivered in the framework of the 11th Border Management Staff Course. From 16-20 June, the BMSC conducted a regional workshop on organizational and operational risk management for 19 customs trainers. The event was co-organized with the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities and the World Customs Organization (WCO). The course brought together trainers from ten OSCE participating States in Central Asia, the South Caucasus and Eastern Europe. The workshop focused on effective methods of delivering learning sessions on intelligence-based risk management in customs. In the course of the training, WCO experts concentrated on the latest developments, methods, requirements and tools involved in risk management and in balancing trade and transport facilitation with security at border crossings. A representative from the Federal Swiss Customs Administration delivered an overview of the Swiss Customs risk management and risk analysis methods. 155