attached to the bed with straps and their legs wide open.”12 The episodes normally lasted between one and two hours, with juveniles denied access to the toilet, resulting in cases of self-urination. Some juveniles alleged they had been strapped down even though they had not been at all agitated and perceived this as a punishment. Juveniles also claimed to have been threatened with fixation as a punishment if they did not comply with the rules of the establishment. The CPT stated that “fixation was repeatedly used in respect of juveniles who visibly suffered from breathing difficulties”13. Subsequently, the 2019 report from the Spanish National Preventive Mechanism recorded the deaths of two young people in juvenile detention facilities in Melilla and Almería, noting they had both been fixated in restraint beds.14 Anass Tahiri, 22, shows a video on his mobile phone capturing the death of his brother Iliass, who died on 1 July 2019 at the Tierras de Oria detention centre in Spain’s Almería province as security staff forcibly strapped him to a bed. “FOUR PIECE SUITS” Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and international media have documented the extensive use of a range of inherently abusive restraint equipment in Chinese prisons, detention centres and reeducation and internment camps, including metal “Tiger” restraint chairs, Diaodiaoyi’ (hanging restraint chairs), weighted restraints, combined restraints and blindfolds for torture and other ill-treatment.15 In August 2020, the BBC and the Canadian newspaper Globe and Mail reported the conditions faced by Uighur detainees held in Xinjiang internment camps, including secretly filmed testimony and text 12 CPT, Report to the Spanish Government on the visit to Spain carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 27 September to 10 October 2016, CPT/Inf (2017) 34, 16 November 2017, paragraph 128. 13 CPT, Report to the Spanish Government on the visit to Spain carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 27 September to 10 October 2016, CPT/Inf (2017) 34, 16 November 2017, paragraphs. 127-131, 14 Defensor del Pueblo: Mecanismo Nacional de Prevención. 2019, Informe annual 2019 Mecanismo Nacional de Prevención. Supervisión de lugares de privación de libertad en España, de acuero con el Protocolo facultativo a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes (OPCAT), 2020, p. 7 15 See for example Amnesty International, No end in sight: torture and forced confessions in China, (Index: ASA 17/2730/2015); Human Rights Watch, Tiger Chairs and Cell Bosses, Police Torture of Criminal Suspects in China, 13 May 2015, https://www.hrw.org/ report/2015/05/13/tiger-chairs-and-cell-bosses/police-torture-criminal-suspects-china 10 ENDING THE TORTURE TRADE THE PATH TO GLOBAL CONTROLS ON THE ‘TOOLS OF TORTURE’ Amnesty International | Omega Research Foundation