The equal rights of women and men and the protection of human rights are central in OSCE human dimension commitments,40 as is compliance with CEDAW for States Parties.41 UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (UNSCR 1325) grew out of situations of armed conflict, but its wider impact has been to change the way that we view and respond to threats to human security and global crises.42 The WPS agenda is based on the principle that incorporating a gender perspective and attention to women’s rights will enhance security for all. The core pillars of the WPS agenda – representation and participation of women in all levels of decision-making; attention to the specific needs of women and girls and protection of their rights; and gender analysis of the causes, consequences of and responses to crises – are relevant to all emergency situations. In implementing the WPS agenda at the national level, states should take account of the “changing global context of peace and security, in particular relating to rising violent extremism, which can be conducive to terrorism, to the increased numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons, to the impacts of climate change and to the global nature of health pandemics.”43 OSCE participating States have also committed themselves to ensuring gender equality in the context of security and crisis management,44 and to protecting women and girls from gender-based violence during and after armed conflict and other emergencies.45 The understanding of “risk” in the context of disaster risk reduction and management has been expanded to reflect present-day realities, and refers to “risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.”46 The disaster risk reduction framework is guided by such principles as protecting basic human 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction”, March 18 2015, para. 13, <https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_ sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf>. OSCE Ministerial Council Decisions, for example, Decision No. 14/05, “Women in Conflict Prevention, Crisis Management and Post-conflict Rehabilitation”, Ljubljana, 6 December 2005, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/f/b/17450.pdf>; Decision No. 15/05, “Preventing and Combating Violence against Women”, 6 December 2005, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/8/17451.pdf>; Decision No. 7/14, “Preventing and Combating Violence against Women”, Basel, 4-5 December 2014, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/8/e/130721. pdf>; Decision No. 4/18, “Preventing and Combating Violence against Women”, Milan, 7 December 2018, <https:// www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/e/406019.pdf>; Decision No. 10/11, “Promoting Equal Opportunity for Women in the Economic Sphere”, Vilnius, 7 December 2011, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/8/86085.pdf>; and Decision No. 7/09, “Women’s Participation in Political and Public Life”, Athens, 2 December 2009, <https://www. osce.org/files/f/documents/2/a/40710.pdf> contain these core commitments. OSCE, Ministerial Council Decision No. 14/04, “OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality”, Sofia, 7 December 2004, <https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/7/d/23295.pdf>. UN General Assembly, “UNSC 1325 on Women, Peace and Security”, op. cit., note 31. UN Security Council Resolution 2242, “Women, Peace and Security”, S/ RES/2242, 13 October 2015, <https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/news/document/ sres2242-2015-women-and-peace-and-security-adopted-on-13-october-2015/>. OSCE, Ministerial Council Decision No. 14/05, “Women in Conflict Prevention, Crisis Management and Post-conflict Rehabilitation”, op. cit., note 37. OSCE, Ministerial Council Decision No. 15/05, “Preventing and Combating Violence against Women”, op. cit., note 37. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction”, op. cit., note 36, para. 15. 15