CAT/C/JPN/CO/2 coordinating and monitoring body and the impact of measures to address trafficking, especially on children (arts. 2, 12, 13, 14 and 16). The Committee calls on the State party to fully implement the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons (A/HRC/14/32/Add.4), following her visit to Japan in 2009. In particular, the State party should ensure that: (a) Victims of trafficking are provided with adequate assistance for their physical and psychological recovery; (b) Clear identification procedures are set out, so that victims of trafficking are not incorrectly identified and treated as undocumented migrants and deported without redress or remedy; (c) Perpetrators are prosecuted and punished with appropriate penalties; (d) Specialized training is provided to relevant public officials in this regard. In addition, the State party should consider ratifying the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol). Psychiatric health care 22. Notwithstanding the Act on Mental Health and Welfare for the Mentally Disabled, which established operating parameters for mental health institutions and the additional information provided by the State party’s delegation, the Committee remains concerned at the high numbers of persons with mental disabilities, both psychosocial and intellectual who are held in mental health-care institutions on involuntary basis and frequently for a lengthy period of time. The Committee is further concerned at the frequent use of solitary confinement, restraints and forced medication, actions which may amount to inhumane and degrading treatment. Taking into account the information received during the dialogue on plans regarding mental health care, the Committee remains concerned at the lack of focus on alternatives to hospitalization of persons with mental disabilities. Finally, the Committee is concerned about the frequent lack of effective and impartial investigation of the excessive use of restrictive measures as well as at the lack of relevant statistical data (arts. 2, 11, 13 and 16). The Committee urges the State party to ensure that: (a) Effective judicial control over involuntary treatment and placement, as well as effective appeals mechanisms are established; (b) Outpatient and community services are developed and the number of institutionalized patients is brought down; (c) Effective legal safeguards are respected in all places of deprivation of liberty, including psychiatric and social care institutions; (d) Access to effective complaint mechanisms is strengthened; (e) Use of restraints and solitary confinement is avoided or applied as a measure of last resort when all other alternatives for control have failed, for the shortest possible time, under strict medical supervision, and any such act is duly recorded; (f) Effective and impartial investigations are undertaken in incidents where excessive use of such restrictive measures result in injuries of the patient; (g) 10 Remedies and redress are provided to the victims;