committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack.24 Moreover, acts such as deliberate or indiscriminate attacks against civilians or hostagetaking might fall under war crimes, as defined under article 8 of the Rome Statute. The international criminal law provisions against terrorism have also been addressed in practice by international tribunals. In 2003, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia convicted, for the first time, an individual for his responsibility for the war crime of terror against the civilian population in Sarajevo, under article 3 of its statute. The Court concluded that the crime of terror against the civilian population was constituted of elements common to other war crimes, in addition to further elements that it drew from the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.25 3.  Terrorism and international refugee law Alongside the general obligations of human rights law, international refugee law is the body of law which provides a specific legal framework for the protection of refugees by defining the term refugee, setting out States’ obligations to them and establishing standards for their treatment. Aspects of international refugee law also relate to persons seeking asylum. The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees are the two universal instruments in international refugee law. With regard to terrorism and measures taken to counter it, both incorporate a system of checks and balances that takes full account of the security interests of States and host communities while protecting the rights of persons who, unlike other categories of foreigners, no longer enjoy the protection of their country of origin. As mentioned above, Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) obliges Member States to take a number of measures to prevent terrorist activities and to criminalize various forms of terrorist actions, as well as measures that assist and promote cooperation among countries including signing up to international counter-terrorism instruments. The resolution also touches on issues related to immigration and refugee status. For example, States are required to prevent the movement of terrorists by implementing effective border controls and to secure the integrity of identity papers and travel documents (para. 2 (g)). States are also called upon to ensure 15