CAT/C/SAU/CO/2 provisions governing prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of such violence, particularly in the light of the large number of reported incidents of abuse since the establishment of the hotline for domestic violence, as cited during the dialogue. The Committee is also concerned about allegations that the system of male guardianship (mehrem) deters and often prevents victims from reporting cases of violence (art. 2). 37. The State party should take the following measures: (a) Ensure that legal provisions in national legislation address and criminalize all forms of violence against women, including rape, marital rape and forced marriage; (b) Guarantee in practice that women who are victims of violence have immediate access to legal remedies; (c) Ensure that all cases of violence against women are thoroughly investigated, that perpetrators are prosecuted and held to account and that victims obtain redress, including adequate compensation; (d) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns and training for public officials and the general public to increase the understanding that violence against women constitutes a grave violation of the Convention and domestic law. Migrant workers and human trafficking 38. While appreciating the State party’s accession to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the adoption of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (2012) and Suppression of Trafficking in Persons Act (2009), the Committee is deeply concerned at reports of widespread torture or ill-treatment and trafficking in migrant workers, particularly female domestic workers, under the sponsorship (kafala) system, which is enhanced by legal provisions that: (a) require domestic workers to obtain their sponsor’s consent to change employers or to leave the country; and (b) entrench barriers to lodging complaints against employers owing to isolation inside private residences and confiscation of their identity documents. 39. The Committee is concerned that the kafala system increases the risks of trafficking, rape and other forms of torture and ill treatment, owing to the extraordinary power that the employer exerts and the reported impact on female workers. 40. The Committee regrets the lack of information on the number of complaints of torture and ill-treatment of migrant workers, in particular female domestic workers, the number of cases in which sponsors were punished for torture or ill-treatment of migrant workers and the number of victims who received redress and who have been returned to their country of origin, particularly in the light of information before the Committee that reflects numerous allegations by migrant workers of physical abuse, sexual violence, rape and attempted rape (arts. 2, 4, 12, 14 and 16). 41. The State party should strengthen its efforts to provide legal protection to migrant workers, in particular female domestic workers, in its territory against torture, ill-treatment and abuse, and guarantee access to justice. In that regard, the State party should: (a) Urgently reform the kafala system to ensure that female migrant workers are not subjected to the risk of abuse in violation of the Convention, as reported to the Committee; 9