I. Introduction: How this Manual works 1. This manual is designed to form the basis for training for judges and prosecutors in Palestine. It describes the international law framework for protecting and promoting human rights in the administration of justice, both at the United Nations and at the regional level. It outlines first some fundamental principles on which international human rights law is based, including the requirements of legality, rule of law, and effective remedy and the prohibition on retrospective criminal laws as well as the position of international law in domestic law and specifically in Palestinian law. Specific issues are then considered. These are human rights in states of emergency and limitations on rights, negative and positive obligations, equality and nondiscrimination, as well as extra-territorial application and non-State actors. 2. The manual then goes on to consider the rights relevant to the administration of justice. It draws on international and regional human rights treaties, in particular the ICCPR to examine the right to life, protection from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment, the right to liberty and detention conditions, and fair trial. Reference is also made to the rights to privacy, freedom of expression and assembly and freedom of religion where it relates to administration of justice. Sources of Human Rights within the Manual 3. The human rights standards at the core of this manual and training programme are those derived from the international human rights mechanisms at the UN as well as those at the regional level. It draws upon the treaties in Africa, the Americas and Europe as well as the provisions of the Arab Charter, and other sources of international human rights law. 8