CAT/C/PRT/CO/5-6 informing the prisoners of the reasons for an extension. The Committee expresses its concern at the high rates of deaths in custody, especially suicide, among inmates, the insufficient capacity of in-patient psychiatric wards to accommodate prisoners with serious mental illnesses, and the lack of staff and rehabilitative activities in forensic psychiatric hospitals, as well as the use of restraints (arts. 2, 11 and 16). The State party should intensify its efforts to bring the conditions of detention in places of deprivation of liberty into line with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, in particular by: (a) Stepping up its efforts to reduce overcrowding, particularly through the wider application of non-custodial measures as an alternative to imprisonment, in the light of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules); (b) Avoiding long periods of pretrial detention and ensuring that pretrial detainees receive a fair trial without undue delay; (c) Continuing its efforts to improve and expand prison facilities in order to remodel those facilities that do not meet international standards, in particular Lisbon Central Prison and the psychiatric hospital at Santa Cruz do Bispo Prison; (d) Ensuring: (i) that all cases of death and suicide in custody are effectively investigated; (ii) that the Directorate-General for Prisons enhances monitoring and detection of at-risk detainees and takes preventive measures regarding the risk of suicide and inter-prisoner violence, including by increasing prison staff and installing video cameras; and (iii) that research continues to be undertaken on the impact of the current programmes to prevent suicide and drug use, with a view to increasing their efficiency; (e) Ensuring that the decisions on the placement of prisoners in security units, and the extension thereof, are reasoned and communicated to those affected, and that they are subject to appeal; (f) Increasing the capacity of in-patient psychiatric wards and providing full access to mental health-care services within all prison facilities; and (g) Increasing the medical staff and rehabilitation activities in all forensic psychiatric hospitals and preventing the use of restraints as much as possible or applying them as a measure of last resort when all other alternatives for control have failed, and never as a punishment, for the shortest possible time, under strict medical supervision and after being duly recorded. Solitary confinement 12. While acknowledging the overall positive impact of Act No. 115/2009 and DecreeLaw No. 51/2011 (para. 5 (d) above) on the prison system, the Committee remains concerned by article 105 of the Act, which allows solitary confinement to be imposed as a disciplinary punishment for up to 30 days, even to juveniles between the ages of 16 and 18 in conflict with the law. The Committee also notes with concern that provisional isolation of up to 30 days may be imposed on a prisoner pending the imposition of solitary confinement, which amounts de facto to an extended informal punishment of the prisoner (arts. 2, 11 and 16). The Committee urges the State party to: (a) Revise its legislation in order to ensure that solitary confinement remains a measure of last resort, imposed for as short a time as possible, under strict supervision and judicial review. The State party should establish clear and specific 5