Prompt and independent investigation: the Serbian experience cases. Such a provision could for instance address issues related to conflicting evidence. Concerning adequate and impartial medical investigation, challenges are related also to the fact that forensic medical experts usually provide their professional opinion based on existing medical records, without examining the potential torture victim. This leaves no option for assessing whether medical evidence is being properly collected. Furthermore, the importance of psychological evidence of torture is still undervalued in Serbia. Lots of experts, both legal and medical, are not aware of how significant psychological evidence could be when investigating torture allegations and psychological evidence is often dismissed as insufficient. As torture methods become more sophisticated every day, the problem of finding physical evidence of torture becomes more challenging and recognition of psychological evidence becomes more important. Another main challenge to prompt, adequate and impartial investigation of torture cases is the lack of awareness and expertise among all actors. Health personnel do not have access to sufficient education and training in identifying signs of torture and in Istanbul Protocol principles or other standardised assessment instruments or these are not used in regular clinical practice. Lawyers and judges do not have adequate knowledge about torture, resulting in inadequate abilities to interview witnesses, forensic doctors or victims. Lastly, the victims are generally not aware of their rights and the need for prompt documentation, resulting in the loss of important evidence. In addition, there is a general lack of capacity within the very few independent organisations working to support torture victims in the areas of redress and rehabilitation. As independent non-governmental organisations should be key players in ensuring prompt and, above all, impartial investigation of torture allegations, more centres/NGOs with trained and competent legal and medical staff must be established. Moreover, already existing centres should be supported to continue and improve their work related to rehabilitation of victims and prevention of further torture cases. Financial support as well as logistic and informational support from different donors is necessary to obtain this goal. In addition, 59