To foresee, see and remedy: state responsibilities for investigating torture • Administrative action must include monitoring those who guard inmates and detainees, and providing training and support for their functions. Such action must also include periodic implementation of training programmes to judicial, prosecutorial, policing and penitentiary personnel (including medical practitioners, psychiatrists and psychologists, and personnel of forensic entities). Appropriate training in this context includes norms of human rights protection, rights of detainees and judicial guarantees to ensure these rights, minimum standards of treatment and state duties. Participation in the design, implementation and evaluation of these programmes is one of the most relevant opportunities for state institutions to collaborate with civil society and has in some instances been ordered by judicial institutions. Further administrative action includes the development of protocols of detection of torture, and state policies towards detection in medical practices, health centres or hospitals, even those that do not pertain to police, penitentiary or military facilities. The best protective measure is an efficient and effective investigation resulting from the design, installation and implementation of mechanisms which ensure that when torture occurs, it will be denounced, documented and brought to the attention of the competent authorities. Work in this respect is interdisciplinary in nature, and it necessarily includes combining the expertise of medical practitioners in documenting torture from an objective basis, and the legal profession’s expertise in utilising medical documentation in criminal proceedings. Certain obligations of the state in relation to justice could be described as follows: • Ensuring the means: a basic requirement is that the state ensures that a judge is always informed of the detention of an individual. Justice institutions must be enabled to carry out their investigations and prosecution free from pressure. Further, the absence of specific, simple and accessible means of denunciation of torture is one of the main practical obstacles to its documentation and 31