millennium drew to a close, the international community advanced the cause of enforcement significantly with the adoption, in Rome on 17 July 1998, of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, which entered into force on 1 July 2002, creating a permanent international tribunal to give effect to the half-century-old affirmation in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (third preambular paragraph) that: … it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law Exercise: Trainees will become aware of the issues through participation and discovery. The final objective is to be achieved through a group activity: 39. – The trainees should be asked to draw on their own knowledge and experience to answer the question: “What human rights violations might occur during the use of imprisonment as a method of law enforcement?”; 39. – The contributions from the trainees should be recorded on a flip chart or a transparency. The trainer should prompt if the list is sparse (the list of possible violations might include: torture, murder, corporal punishment, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, the imprisonment of children, misuse of power by prison officials, etc.); 39. – In small groups, the trainees should then be asked to discover, by looking at the Compilation of Instruments, which United Nations instruments refer to one or more of these practices and what their ruling is; 39. – Each group should then be asked to report back; 39. – This short exercise will start the process of familiarization with the wide body of knowledge contained in the Manual. 35