With regard to migrant workers, it was suggested that with successive generations born and raised in the countries where they reside they form a permanent part of those societies, and that governments should review policies that are based on an assumption that migrant workers are transient communities. Particular emphasis was also laid on the need to combat anti-Semitism and continuing discrimination against Roma. Throughout the discussion of tolerance and non-discrimination, the critical role of political leadership at all levels was emphasised. Leaders were urged to combat intolerance by reacting swiftly in acute situation and initiating preventive measures. Education, both of society at large and of key personnel, was emphasised. In the discussion of national minorities, it was emphasised that genuine and effective implementation of relevant CSCE commitments is among the most important tasks of the CSCE participating States. It was suggested that compliance in this area is still far from satisfactory. In the course of the discussion, some specific cases were raised. The suggestion was made that the CSCE should focus its attention more closely on these problems. Participants described measures which can be helpful in assuring respect for the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, including possibilities for self-administration, consultative or advisory bodies, minority roundtables, and bilateral treaties. It was emphasised in the discussion, however, that the basis for the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities is the principle of non-discrimination. Participants noted that implementation of commitments in this area requires respect for democracy and the rule of law by the participating States, and also by national minorities and the organisations and associations which represent them. It was noted that persons belonging to national minorities should enjoy the same rights and the same duties as other citizens. A number of participants offered descriptions of measures taken to ensure respect for the rights of persons belonging to national minorities in their countries. Support and appreciation was expressed for the work of the HCNM. Many participants drew attention to the current refugee crisis in Europe, and its serious implication for East-West relations and regional security. The need for promoting coherent and consistent regional policies and practices was emphasised. States which have not yet acceded to the Geneva Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol were encouraged to do so. Participants called for a comprehensive approach to involuntary migration issues that would include protection and assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preventive measures, and the search for durable solutions after displacements have occurred. Many participants suggested that the CSCE should play a role in establishing a forum for discussing a common European response to the current crisis. The suggestion was also made that the ODIHR might play a co-ordinating role in ensuring support for institution-building in the areas of immigration control and refugee and asylum determination structures. Participants drew attention to the leading role of UNHCR in this area, and suggested that UNHCR should actively participate in CSCE discussions on these issues. Some participants referred to the importance of partnership with relevant international organisations and NGOs as well. In view of the discussion, the following informal recommendation can be made: - The Council of Ministers at its forthcoming Rome Meeting should give consideration to the question of having the issue of mass migration, its cause and effect, put on the agenda, as appropriate, of meetings of the CSO and its Vienna Group. The question of temporary protection could also be CSCE ODIHR BULLETIN Vol. 2, No. 1 44