Gigi Scoles and Anupama Selvam 9 advocacy —whether by means of advocating for the passage of legislation, or demanding that laws be enforced in a victim-friendly, survivor-centered fashion—in their communities. Collaboration across disciplines ensures that the safety, security, and dignity of victims are the first priorities. No single sector, working alone, can effectively address the complex issue of violence against women. Significantly, NGOs can provide direct services, women leaders and advocates can lobby for com­ prehensive legislation, businesses can provide jobs to reduce survivors’ vulnerability to violence; but only the government, and particularly actors in the criminal justice system, can implement the laws and hold offenders accountable for their crimes. These sectors must work together in order to protect victims, to prevent future victimization, and to deny impunity for perpetrators.34 b. Justice Institute Methodology Though each Justice Institute is designed with a country-specific context in mind, the gen­ eral methodology of each Justice Institute is broken into four modules: (1) Practical Exercises, (2) Evaluating/Investigating the Case, (3) Prosecuting the Case, (4) Holding Offenders Accountable.35 These modules address various stages of interaction with victims of gender-based violence to improve the interaction a victim has with legal systems so victims become more likely to report and seek the support they need. Although activities within each of these modules vary, the goal of each module remains consis­ tent throughout each Justice Institute. The “Practical Exercise” module introduces participants to detailed case studies of gender-based violence to address possible attitudinal biases participants may have toward victims. These case studies are developed with the help of regional partners using scenarios that participants are likely to have seen in their own work, which keeps partici­ pants engaged with the Justice Institute, but also helps to build empathy between them and the victims—confronting the attitudinal biases that they may hold. Case studies are hypothetical sce­ narios centering around a survivors of gender-based violence in the specific community. This exer­ cise provides a detailed explanation of the violence endured by the survivor and the steps they have taken within the criminal justice system. The hypothetical includes the introduction of family members who may support or serve as an additional obstacle to the survivor. The second module, “Evaluating/Investigating the Case,” includes activities that focus on help­ ing law enforcement and other stakeholders who help in the evaluation and investigation of a case. Important skills that this module seeks to develop include: interviewing victims, assessing risk and lethality, and understanding relevant laws. Victims of gender-based violence often require a specialized approach to interviewing, therefore, this module helps participants learn the best ways to approach victims without re-traumatizing them.36 Again, though activities may vary in this module, they often include role play, multi-media, lecture, large and small group discussion to develop the aforementioned skills. Using the case study outlined in the “Practical Exercise” mod­ ule, the trainers provide further information about the hypothetical survivor and give participants the opportunity to discuss questions they would ask this survivor if they were to be called to the 34 See generally Vital Voices, Describing the Vital Voices Justice Institute: One-pager (unpublished material) (on file with organization) (2012). 35 See generally Vital Voices, Justice Institute on Gender-Based Violence Curriculum: South Africa (unpublished material)(on file with organization) (Aug. 2016). 36 See generally, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“Istanbul Protocol”), 2004, HR/P/PT/8/Rev.1, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4638aca62. html.