74 GENDER PERSPECTIVES ON TORTURE: Law and Practice reparation and redress from the State, including fair and adequate financial compensa­ tion and provision of the means for medical care and rehabilitation.”97 The effective investigation of acts of sexual violence must also take into account other international standards, such as the standards developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the preparation of medico-legal reports on these violations. Relevant WHO publications on these issues include “Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence”98 and the recent guide on “Health care for women subjected to intimate partner violence or sexual violence.”99 Similarly, the previously cited report by Special Rapporteur on torture Manfred Novak empha­ sized that it is crucial to interpret the torture protection framework in the light of a wide range of human rights guarantees, in particular the set of rules that has developed to combat violence against women, which can provide valuable insights into the particular challenges posed by vio­ lence against women.100 With regard to justice for women victims of torture, Special Rapporteur Novak observed that “in many contexts, the criminal law system, the court rules of procedure and evidence, as well as reparation and rehabilitation programs and policies are not sufficiently gender-sensitive,” leading to a situation of powerlessness and discrimination. He therefore called upon States to “ensure that women victims of torture and ill-treatment by officials enjoy full protection under the law and that special measures are taken to prevent sexual violence in the contexts of detention and control.” Special measures must be adopted in order to encourage women to report torture and ill-treat­ ment and ensure that the officials receiving these complaints gather the necessary evidence with appropriate gender sensitivity. Laws and court rules must therefore be adapted to the specific needs of victims of sexual violence and ensure that an objective assessment of the victim’s de facto situation is made in each case. With regard to gender-sensitive monitoring and investigation, the Special Rapporteur noted that “anti-torture monitoring mechanisms at the national and international levels should extend their scrutiny of the legal framework to a broad range of laws that might be of particular concern to women. The network of partners should include women’s rights groups and relevant academic and research institutions.”101 He also recommended that “monitoring/fact-finding teams be com­ posed in a gender-inclusive manner (including female doctors) and that all its members be trained to deal with sexual violence and other sensitive gender-specific issues. Fact-finders and monitors Ibid., p. 78. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/training8Rev1sp.pdf. “The aim of these guidelines is to improve professional health services for all victims of sexual violence by providing: health care workers with the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the management of victims of sexual violence; standards for the provision of both health care and forensic services to victims of sexual violence; guidance on the establishment of health and forensic services for victims of sexual violence.” WHO. Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence. 2003. http://www.who.int/ violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/med_leg_guidelines/en/# 99 WHO. Health care for women subjected to intimate partner violence or sexual violence—A clinical handbook—Field testing version. 2013. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/vaw-clinical-handbook/ en/#. 100 Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development, A/HRC/7/3, January 15, 2008. 101 HRC. Promotion and Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak, para. 76 97 98