124 uL stration and eV tting in post-communist Albania inter-linked with civic trust in governmental institutions and vetting have positive and negative outcomes. Many authors have argued the weakness of lustration and vetting. The authors Barret, Hack and Munkacsi argue that one of the reason why lustration has failed to build trust in democracy or politicians “is that it has been a very elite-focused measure The individuals who underwent vetting were obviously drawn from the elite, but it was also primarily the elite that undertook the debate on lustration; ordinary people have seen only the scandals arising over the years”12. Lustration and vetting as alone measures cannot give the anticipated democratic consolidation. Lavinia Stan argues that “important transitional justice methods such as truth commissions, property restitution, official apologies and condemnations, and memorialization have been completely ignored”13 weakening the impact of lustration in democracy consolidation as used as the only measure in some post-communist countries. Lustration and vetting are not enough to build civic trust in governmental institutions, as Mayer-Rieckh argues, “as a stand-alone measure, vetting is generally insufficient to ensure that abuses are not repeated. A coherent and holistic approach to transitional reform is necessary — albeit not sufficient — to effectively prevent abuses from recurring”14. Lustration and vetting combined with other transitional measures can “improve accountability, independence, representation, and responsiveness”15, so “a mix of TJ measures is needed to reach the anticipated trust.”16 Lustration and vetting has been implemented in early years of regime fall or in later year. Samuel P. Huntington wrote “in new democratic regimes, justice comes quickly or it does not come at all”17. The highlight is that the right time to have transitional measures in post-conflict or post-communist countries are the first years of transition. In addition, Horne claims, “that if lustration comes too late in the process, it could get caught in cycles of political manipulation and undermine rather than build trust”18. Horne put forward the idea that “early lustration waves were positively associated with more trust in government, but this relationship was time sensitive. In this case, the trust building effects of lustration declined considerably as time elapsed after the transition”19. Transitional justice measures and especially lustration measures contribute on building civic trust in government institutions. If lustration measures are conducted in a transparent way, it contributes in the improvement of civic trust. Civic trust helps in legitimizing the new regime. Horne proposes the “late lustration”, after the first years of transition and Lavinia Stan affirm that “the later a country launched lustration and file access, the more tampered were the secret archives, the harder was to identify the individuals involved in past human rights abuses, and the more disputed were the official findings of collaboration with the communist regime”20 Ruti Teitel consider time as an important factor for transitional justice. In the author words “where the wrongdoings is that of the state, the passage of time has unexpected consequences for the possibilities of transitional justice. Time affect political change with ramification for the 12. Barrett, E., Hack, P. and Munkácsi, Á., ‘Lustration as Political Competition: Vetting in Hungary,’ in A. Mayer-Riechkh and P. de Greiff (ed.) Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, New York 2007, pp.260-307: ICTJ and Social Science Research Council 13. Stan, L., ‘Determinants of Post-Communist Transitional Justice: An Overview’. In Justice and Imagination: Building Peace in Post-Conflict Societies,” Mount Holyoke College, February 28-March 1, 2014 14. Op cit. Duthie, R pg.31 15. Ibid.31 16. Anja Mihr Policy Brief No.3 Center of Governance through Human Rights, , August 2017 pg.5 : https://www.governance-platform. org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/CoGtHR_policy-brief_no3_TransitionalJustice_August2017.pdf 17. Huntington, S., ‘The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,’ Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991,pp.228. 18. Horne, Cynthia M., “Assessing the Impact of Lustration on Trust in Public Institutions and National Government in Central and Eastern Europe” Comparative Political Studies 45(4), Sage Publication 2012, pp.412–446 19. Horne (2017), op.cit., p. 37 20. Stan, op.cit., p. 16