the receiving state.60 Consequently, the risk assessment should comprise the following three steps: • Compiling information about the individual history of the trafficked person, including an evaluation of their family,61 the person’s circumstances in the country of origin,62 the risks they face as a result of trafficking63 and the risks of stigmatization on return;64 • Compiling information on the country of origin, drawing on reliable information provided by both non-governmental organizations and government authorities;65 and • Shaping security scenarios of the country of origin, developed in co-operation between the non-governmental organization carrying out the risk assessment and the government authorities, and with the active involvement of the trafficked person.66 Although recent research suggests that individual risk assessments are only carried out in as few as four OSCE participating States (all of which are EU member states),67 the situation is likely to improve among EU member states following the adoption of an EU Directive establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime.68 This directive, which must be transposed into the national legislations of EU member states by 16 November 2015, will oblige states to conduct 60  “Quality standards for risk assessment and the safe return and reintegration of trafficked persons”, LEFÖ (2011), p. 9. 61  For a list of questions to consider, see Quality standards for risk assessment and the safe return and reintegration of trafficked persons, LEFÖ (2011), p. 10. 62  For a list of questions to consider, see ibid. 63  Ibid. 64  Ibid., pp. 10-11. 65  Ibid., pp. 11-12. 66  For some issues to consider, see ibid., pp. 12-13. 67  E-notes Report, p. 91. 68  Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, 2012 OJ L 315/57. 42 Part 2: Explanatory Report to the Principles