In the OSCE region, monitoring is most likely to take place where the return is conducted through the IOM. The IOM Handbook on Direct Assistance for Victims of Trafficking recommends that monitoring reports be produced once a month during the first three months of reintegration, followed by at least two additional three-monthly reports.399 Where the IOM has monitored the reintegration of victims following return, the monitoring period has ranged from one month to three years, with the majority of cases being monitored for less than a year.400 Guidance on the issue can also be found in the Standard Operating Procedures for Transnational Referral Mechanisms, developed by the ICMPD, which recommend that case monitoring and evaluation processes be included in the long-term assistance, and that social inclusion be provided to trafficked persons.401 A further level of monitoring, concerning policy and programmatic oversight, should also be mentioned. The Council of Europe foresees that states “shall consider” appointing national rapporteurs or other mechanisms for monitoring the anti-trafficking activities of state institutions and the implementation of national legislation.402 While this level of monitoring does not refer to monitoring developments in an individual case of returned trafficked persons, the effective implementation of such monitoring serves also to benefit that particular group of trafficked persons. A similar recommendation has also been set out in the OSCE Action Plan.403 In addition, the OHCHR Trafficking Principles recommend establishing mechanisms to monitor the human rights impact of anti-trafficking laws, policies, programmes and interventions, and encourag NGOs working with trafficked persons to participate in the monitoring and evaluation of the human rights impact of anti-trafficking measures.404 399  The International Organization for Migration (IOM), Handbook on Direct Assistance for Victims of Trafficking (Geneva: IOM, 2007), pp. 103-104. 400 Jobe, The Causes and Consequences of Re-Trafficking, op. cit., note 39, pp. 49-50. 401  ICMPD TRM Guidelines, pp. 69, 76 and 115. 402  Council of Europe Trafficking Convention, art. 29(4). 403  OSCE Action Plan, part VI, para. 1. 404  OHCHR Trafficking Principles, guidelines 1.7 and 3. See also OHCHR Commentary to the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, pp. 93. 96 Part 2: Explanatory Report to the Principles