human rights law, international refugee law and international humanitarian law.”59 This forms part of a long-standing commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights as part of the strategic focus of OSCE counter-terrorism activities, and it includes addressing not only manifestations of, but also the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.60 In accordance with its comprehensive concept of security, the OSCE approach sees terrorism as a multi-dimensional threat, which requires comprehensive, human rights-compliant and multi-stakeholder responses.61 Human Rights Implications of State Responses Pursuant to the UNSC resolutions and FTF-related legal instruments that followed, states around the globe have adopted, and continue to adopt, wide-ranging responses to the potential threats and challenges posed by FTFs. These include changes in legislation, policy and practice, as well as the application of general counter-terrorism laws and practices by reference to the obligations of FTF-related UNSC resolutions and legal instruments.62 New laws have criminalized recruitment, travel, the provision of funds, the organization or facilitation of travel, the delivery and receiving of broadly defined training (including self-training via the Internet) or various forms of facilitation, support, incitement, “justification” or “apology” for such offences. Increasingly restrictive administrative measures that have been used in the FTF-context include stripping individuals of their citizenship, deporting them, imposing travel bans and blocking their entry into or transit through territories, or the removal of travel documents. Surveillance, special investigative techniques, the collection and sharing of individuals’ personal information, the operation of watch lists and databases, as well as monitoring, blocking and regulating Internet websites are all activities carried out more regularly. Restricting liberty through practices such as house arrests, area restrictions or control orders, alongside the freezing of assets of individuals suspected of being involved in FTF-related acts have also 59  Preamble to OSCE Ministerial Declaration on FTFs, op. cit., note 2. The Declaration builds on the earlier “OSCE Consolidated Framework for the Fight against Terrorism”, OSCE, 7 December 2012, PC.DEC/1063, <www. osce.org/pc/98008> (hereafter, OSCE Consolidated Framework for the Fight Against Terrorism), which in turn built on the “Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism”, OSCE, 4 December 2001, MC(9).DEC/1, <www. osce.org/atu/42524>. 60  See: OSCE Consolidated Framework for the Fight Against Terrorism, op. cit., note 59. See also, for example, OSCE Ministerial Statement on Supporting the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, para. 4, op. cit., note 5. 61  OSCE Consolidated Framework for the Fight Against Terrorism, para 12, op. cit., note 59. 62  For an analysis of state responses pursuant to UNSC Resolution 2178 (2014) see, for example, “Implementation of Security Council resolution 2178 (2014) by States affected by foreign terrorist fighters: A compilation of three reports (S/2015/338; S/2015/683; S/2015/975)”, United Nations Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (UNCTED), 2016, <www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/FTF-Report-1-3_English.pdf>, (hereafter, UNCTED 2016, Implementation of Security Council resolution 2178 (2014)). Guidelines for Addressing the Threats and Challenges of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” 19