investigations. However, counter arguments include those citing the flawed investigation by Kent Police into complaints arising from the investigation of the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence in the London Metropolitan Police area, a neighbouring force. The Kent police investigation was criticized in a later, independent report25 into the circumstances of the murder and its investigation by police. Additionally, Prenzler (2000) argues that there was evidence that audits of complaints investigated by police officers contributed to a marked attrition of complaints, demonstrating what Prenzler referred to as ‘capture’, and a decrease in the independence of the investigations. Civilian input In respect of its overall operations the IPCC is regarded as a ‘intermediate’ model of police oversight (Porter and Prenzler, 2012), and can be said to demonstrate the hallmarks of type 2, civilian input, when operating to its fullest extent, running independent investigations of serious complaints using its own staff. The models of oversight in Andorra and Slovenia are further examples of the civilian input category of policing oversight models in operation within the countries of the Council of Europe. In the case of Slovenia, civilian input is achieved by the appointment of two representatives of civil society onto a three-person government committee. The committee operates under the auspices of the Ministry of the Interior and does not have the power to conduct independent investigations. It is totally reliant on information that the Ministry of Interior or police investigators provide. In addition, the committee does not have any powers of sanction regarding its findings and is limited to forwarding its findings, in criminal cases, to the State Prosecutor's Office. For purely disciplinary matters concerning the police the committee presents its findings to the Ministry of the Interior under which the police also operate. Decisions as to the sanctions to be applied in disciplinary cases are entirely a matter for officials of the Ministry. Andorra operates a general ombudsman model of oversight. Whilst exhibiting independence in its operation the Ombudsman does not have the power to recommend prosecution of police officers when its findings indicate that the criminal law has been breached. In cases involving criminal matters the Ombudsman is duty bound to pass the investigations to the Public Prosecutor’s Office. However, these models do go a step further than merely monitoring investigations of complaints by police investigators. Civilian review Finally, in terms of the civilian review model (type 1), only the most robust, highly intrusive models of police oversight meet the criteria. The oversight mechanisms operated by Norway, Ireland and Northern Ireland may be 25 The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (1999). Report of an inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny. 69