ENDNOTES 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 In Italy, 551 persons were in REMs (30 November 2020). At the same time, it is difficult to assess the number of people with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities in detention facilities since no official data is released. The old system hosted around 1.200 when it closed in 2007. Of the federal states. In Austria, 41 responses from persons concerned and 14 from relatives; in Germany, 22 responses from persons concerned and 7 from relatives. In Austria, 10 interviews (3 lawyers, 4 facility management, 1 representative of the NPM, 2 representatives of extramural facilities) 1 focus group discussion with relatives (led by a relative); in Germany, 5 interviews (2 representatives of (extramural facilities) forensic aftercare, 1 lawyer, 1 relative and/ activist, 1 staff member/ therapeutic team); in Italy 3 experts, 2 prison staff in addition to the visits. In Austria, 12 participants; in Germany, 6 participants in total. The memos can be found under the following link: https://bit.ly/Openresearchbehindcloseddoors Sec 21 (1 and 2) Austrian Criminal Code. For further information see, Arbeitsgruppe Maßnahmenvollzug, Bericht an den Bundesminister für Justiz über die erzielten Ergebnisse (Bundesministerium der Justiz, BMJV70301/0061-III 1/2014, January 2015). Sec 63, 64 and 66 German Criminal Code. Cf. a critical perspective Christine M. Graebsch, ‘Die Gefährder des Rechtsstaats und die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention. Von Sicherungsverwahrung und „unsound mind“ zum Pre-Crime-Gewahrsam?’ in Ingke Goeckenjan, Jens Puschke, and Tobias Singelnstein (eds), Für die Sache – Kriminalwissenschaften aus unabhängiger Perspektive. Festschrift für Ulrich Eisenberg zum 80. Geburtstag (2019) 311-325; Dissenting opinion of Judge Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque in ECtHR Ilnseher v Germany App nos. 10211/12 and 27505/14 (2018). Constitutional Court of Italy, Decision 19.04.2019 No. 99. European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), ‘Follow-up statement regarding the situation of persons deprived of their liberty in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic’ (9 July 2020) <rm.coe.int/16809ef566> accessed 11 February 2021; Marcelo F. Aebi and Mélanie M. Tiago, ‘Prisons and Prisoners in Europe in Pandemic Times: An evaluation of the medium-term impact of the COVID-19 on prison populations’ (10 November 2020) <Aebi_ Tiago_10nov20.pdf (antoniocasella.eu)> accessed 11 February 2021; Subcommittee on the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (SPT), ‘Advice of the Subcommittee to States parties and national preventive mechanisms relating to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic’ (7 April 2020) <undocs.org/CAT/OP/10> accessed 11 February 2021; UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), ‘Internal HRTB toolkit of treaty law perspectives and jurisprudence in the context of COVID-19’ (May 2020) <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/TB/COVID19/HRTB_toolkit_COVID_19.pdf> accessed 11 February 2021; European Prison Litigation Network, ‘COVID-19 in Prison: The Council of Europe must lead on policies to address the COVID-19 challenges‘ (3 April 2020) <www.prisonlitigation.org/ covid-19-opinion/?lang=en> accessed 25 March 2021; Melanie Schorsch and Christine Graebsch, ‘Germany – COVID-19 shows substantial problems in the German prison system’ (2020) 1/2020 Antigone 47-53, 51; Federica Brioschi, ‘Italy – Coronavirus and Italian prisons: A success story?’ (2020) 1/2020 Antigone 75-84, 78-79. 21